Naturalization and the productivity of foreign-born doctorates

Abstract

This paper estimates the effect of obtaining US citizenship on individual-level measures of productivity for foreign-born doctoral recipients from US universities. Becoming a US citizen results in the removal of barriers such as access to public sector occupations and to some sources of government-sponsored research funding which are hypothesized to increase the productivity of foreign-born scientists. We utilize panel data from the Survey of Doctoral Recipients from 1993 to 2013 and individual fixed effects models to control for selection bias in the naturalization decision. Our results indicate that becoming a naturalized citizen increases wages and several measures of academic productivity. In support of our argument, we find that foreignborn workers who naturalize are more likely to utilize research funding from a government agency, but not more likely to work for the government post-naturalization.

Economic Analysis of Migrants and Natives on the German Labor Market : Microeconometric Evidence from German Administrative Data

“…Of course, another explanation for naturalized citizens having higher average wages is selectivity related -i.e., those immigrants who "succeed" in the German labor market tend to be those willing to remain in Germany and in turn become citizens. This naturalized/non-naturalized wage pattern has also been observed for U.S. immigrants (Crown and Faggian, 2019).…”