“…He further suggested that the buoyancy of the head increases since the head is fed by the stem as a result of the slower upwards motion of the head compared with the steady stem below it. Since then, much effort has been devoted to understand plume dynamics and to provide scalings for plume ascent velocity [ Whitehead and Luther , ; Shlien , ; Olson and Singer , ; Chay and Shlien , ; Griffiths and Campbell , ; Moses et al ., ; Couliette and Loper , ; van Keken , ; Kaminski and Jaupart , ; Rogers and Morris , ; Davaille et al ., ] or for steady state plume stem structure [ Batchelor , ; Fujii , ; Shlien and Boxman , ; Tanny and Shlien , ; Worster , ; Moses et al ., ; Olson et al ., ; Couliette and Loper , ; Vasquez et al ., ; Laudenbach and Christensen , ; Whittaker and Lister , , 2006b; Davaille et al ., ]. Additionally, plume growth by entrainment of fluid by thermal diffusion, continuous feeding from the source, laminar entrainment of surrounding material at the rear of a leading vortical head has been studied [ Griffiths and Campbell , ; Moses et al ., ; Couliette and Loper , ; Kumagai , ].…”