Natural ventilation of hydrogen during a leak in a residential garage

Hajji, Yassine; Bouteraa, Mourad; Elcafsi, Afif; Belghith, Abdelfettah; Bournot, Philippe; Kallel, Ftouh

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.060

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…One of the most hazardous scenarios is hydrogen leakage from a high-pressure storage tank placed on the chassis underneath the vehicle in an outside parking garage since the semi-closed space formed by adjacent automobiles contributes to hydrogen accumulation. Hajji, Y. et al [21] experimentally studied the effects of residential-garage geometry, shape, and number of vents on hydrogen concentration and delamination. They concluded that rectangular World Electr.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicle in an Outdoor Parking Garage

Shen

Zheng

et al. 2021

WEVJ

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It is significant to assess the hydrogen safety of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) in parking garages with a rapidly increased number of FCVs. In the present work, a Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS), a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module using finite element calculation, was utilized to predict the dispersion process of flammable hydrogen clouds, which was performed by hydrogen leakage from a fuel cell vehicle in an outdoor parking garage. The effect of leakage diameter (2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm) and parking configurations (vertical and parallel parking) on the formation of flammable clouds with a range of 4–75% by volume was considered. The emission was assumed to be directed downwards from a Thermally Activated Pressure Relief Device (TPRD) of a 70 MPa storage tank. The results show that the 0.7 m parking space stipulated by the current regulations is less than the safety space of fuel cell vehicles. Compared with a vertical parking configuration, it is safer to park FCVs in parallel. It was also shown that release through a large TPRD orifice should be avoided, as the proportion of the larger hydrogen concentration in the whole flammable domain is prone to more accidental severe consequences, such as overpressure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicle in an Outdoor Parking Garage

Shen

Zheng

et al. 2021

WEVJ

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“…In particular, they have focused on hydrogen leakage in confined spaces. Their study projects covered accidental hydrogen or helium leakage and dispersion in residential garages, 2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] hydrogen fueling stations, 13 tunnels, 14,15 warehouses, 16,17 laboratories 18 and inside fuel cell vehicles. 19 According to experimental studies on hydrogen safety, 5,8,16,20 it was found that the total volume of gas released more strongly affected the hydrogen explosion risk than the release rate with a semblable initial condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kim et al 13 conducted a hydrogen safety design and established a safety distance for hydrogen fueling stations using the CFD tool, FLACS. Hajji et al 11,12 computationally investigated the effects of apex angle and the ventilation system on hydrogen gradients and stratification in a prismatic cavity using the CFD code, Fluent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of dispersion and distribution behaviors of hydrogen leakage in the garage with a crossbeam

Jiang

Yuan

et al. 2019

SIMULATION

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A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation model resolved by the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations was developed to predict hydrogen dispersion in an indoor environment. The effect of the height of the crossbeam (Hc) on hydrogen dispersion and distribution behaviors in a four-car garage was numerically investigated under fully confined and natural ventilation conditions. For the fully confined condition, the garage was almost completely filled with a flammable hydrogen cloud at t=600 s. In addition, the volumetric ratio of the flammable region, thickness of the hydrogen stratification, and hydrogen mole fraction all increased as Hc increased. When two symmetric ventilation openings were set up, the volumetric ratio of the flammable region decreased by 50% at t=600 s. Moreover, Hc had evident influence on the vertical distribution of hydrogen mole fraction. In addition, there existed little explosion hazard under the height of 1.6 m. The results show that Hc was a non-negligible factor for the safety design of hydrogen in the garage and Hc=0.12 m was the optimal height of the crossbeam. Furthermore, the ventilation system in the present study cannot completely eliminate the risk of hydrogen explosion. The present risk assessment results can be useful to analyze safety issues in automotive applications of hydrogen.

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“…Therefore, hydrogen must be carefully treated, and the primary issue of hydrogen utilisation is safety in various scenarios, to eliminate public concern and provide references for design, legislation, and standards. This topic has been studied for decades and needs to be further investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plume dispersion behaviour and hazard identification for large quantities of liquid hydrogen leakage

Shao

Zhang

et al. 2019

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier. The primary issue of hydrogen utilisation is safety in various scenarios for the coming hydrogen economy. This study focuses on liquid hydrogen leakage, which is typically induced by structural failure in refuelling stations and transit vehicles. In the present study, the authors reveal the plume dispersion behaviour and the underlying mechanism from a macro perspective and identify the associated hazards in the whole dispersion history. These problems have drawn little attention in previous studies. A numerical investigation was conducted, and the flow-field data were deeply investigated, which were insufficient in the previous experiment. The local turbulence and mixing induced by the temperature difference was revealed to be the major cause of hydrogen dispersion. The lift force induced by the density difference enhanced the dispersion. The dispersion behaviour was classified into three phases: the dense-gas phase, rise phase, and passive phase. The rise phase is the major one for cryogenic hydrogen dispersion. The frostbite hazard can be ignored, owing to insufficient exposure duration. For wind velocities of 2.2, 5.0, and 10.0 m/s, the durations of the hazardous cloud are 56, 51, and 47 s, respectively. The maximum heights of the hazardous cloud are 23.6, 12.1, and 6.2 m, respectively. There is a high fire/explosion probability in the dense-gas phase and a low probability in the latter two phases.

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Natural ventilation of hydrogen during a leak in a residential garage

Cited by 43 publications

References 19 publications

Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicle in an Outdoor Parking Garage

Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicle in an Outdoor Parking Garage

Numerical simulation of dispersion and distribution behaviors of hydrogen leakage in the garage with a crossbeam

Plume dispersion behaviour and hazard identification for large quantities of liquid hydrogen leakage

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