Natural ventilation in classrooms for healthy schools in the COVID era in Mediterranean climate

Adaptive school grounds design in response to COVID-19: Findings from six primary schools in South East England

“…Because the majority of studies on architecture/design and COVID-19 in schools have focused on within buildings [ [41] , [42] , [43] ], our research, which focuses on a very original topic, is difficult to compare with the current peer-review literature, which unfortunately does not address the resilient design of school playgrounds. However, at the time of writing this article, our findings are consistent with Waite's article published in an architectural magazine [ 44 ].…”

Comparison of Indoor Environment and Energy Consumption before and after Spread of COVID-19 in Schools in Japanese Cold-Climate Region

“…The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology in Japan (MEXT) issued the following guidelines on ventilation after the spread of the COVID-19: (1) ventilation by opening windows should be used whenever possible; (2) open all windows for a few minutes at least once every 30 min; (3) open windows in opposite directions at the same time. Such an approach is relatively easy to implement in warmer climates [14]. In cold climates, however, the method will deteriorate the indoor environment.…”

“…In some areas, new ventilation systems are already being proposed on the basis of measured data and simulations. Gil-Baez et al introduced the tips of natural ventilation from measurements as well as this study [14]. Stabile et al installed a ventilation system with heat exchange in the naturally ventilated school.…”

Airflow deflectors of external windowsto induce ventilation: Towards COVID-19 prevention and control

“…Natural ventilation is a kind of passive green building technology using thermal pressure caused by the density difference of air inside and outside the building or the wind pressure caused by outdoor atmospheric movement to induce outdoor fresh air ( Gautam, Rong, Zhang, & Abkar, 2019 ; Moey, Chan, Tai, Go, & Chong, 2021 ). As an environment-friendly and energy-saving method, natural ventilation is becoming one favorable option to potentially improve the indoor air quality ( Bayoumi, 2021 ) and lower the risk of disease exposure ( M.Gil-Baeza et al, 2021 ). It is demonstrated natural ventilation can reduce indoor air pollutants originating from outdoor sources in the range of 5%-20% (A. L. Chen, Gall, & Chang, 2016 ).…”