Natural scene statistics as the universal basis of color context effects

Long, Fuhui; Purves, Dale

doi:10.1073/pnas.2036361100

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Beck, 1966;De Weert, 1984;De Weert and Spillmann, 1995;Dresp and Fischer, 2001;Gerrits and Vendrik, 1970;Heinemann, 1955;Helson, 1963;Pinna, 2008;Shapley and Reid, 1985) or color context effects (e.g. Long and Purves, 2003;Reeves et al, 2008;Shevell and Kingdom, 2008). Observing how colors placed side by side or surrounding each other change in appearance according to which color is put next to which other, Chevreul suggested how they needed to be displayed in space to produce specific effects on the perception of the human observer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

Dresp-Langley

Reeves²

2012

Seeing and Perceiving

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We show that true colors as defined by Chevreul (1839) produce unsuspected simultaneous brightness induction effects on their immediate grey backgrounds when these are placed on a darker (black) general background surrounding two spatially separated configurations. Assimilation and apparent contrast may occur in one and the same stimulus display. We examined the possible link between these effects and the perceived depth of the color patterns which induce them as a function of their luminance contrast. Patterns of square-shaped inducers of a single color (red, green, blue, yellow, or grey) were placed on background fields of a lighter and a darker grey, presented on a darker screen. Inducers were always darker on one side of the display and brighter on the other in a given trial. The intensity of the grey backgrounds varied between trials only. This permitted generating four inducer luminance contrasts, presented in random order, for each color. Background fields were either spatially separated or consisted of a single grey field on the black screen. Experiments were run under three environmental conditions: dark-adaptation, daylight, and rod-saturation after exposure to bright light. In a first task, we measured probabilities of contrast, assimilation, and no effect in a three-alternative forced-choice procedure (background appears brighter on the 'left', on the 'right' or the 'same'). Visual adaptation and inducer contrast had no significant influence on the induction effects produced by colored inducers. Achromatic inducers produced significantly stronger contrast effects after dark-adaptation, and significantly stronger assimilation in daylight conditions. Grouping two backgrounds into a single one was found to significantly decrease probabilities of apparent contrast. Under the same conditions, we measured probabilities of the inducers to be perceived as nearer to the observer (inducers appear nearer on 'left', on 'right' or the 'same'). These, as predicted by Chevreul's law of contrast, were determined by the luminance contrast of the inducers only, with significantly higher probabilities of brighter inducers to be seen as nearer, and a marked asymmetry between effects produced by inducers of opposite sign. Implications of these findings for theories which attempt to link simultaneous induction effects to the relative depth of object surfaces in the visual field are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

Dresp-Langley

Reeves²

2012

Seeing and Perceiving

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“…Moreover, various uncertainties typically render results suspect to various degrees (e.g., reflectances near zero or unity are largely useless [5]). Recent attempts at the empirical determination of such prior statistics [6][7][8] reveal non-trivial non-uniformities. The heroic attempt by Philipona and O'Regan [8] is especially interesting, as it reveals highly specific structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prior statistics of object colors

Koenderink¹

2010

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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The prior statistics of object colors is of much interest because extensive statistical investigations of reflectance spectra reveal highly non-uniform structure in color space common to several very different databases. This common structure is due to the visual system rather than to the statistics of environmental structure. Analysis involves an investigation of the proper sample space of spectral reflectance factors and of the statistical consequences of the projection of spectral reflectances on the color solid. Even in the case of reflectance statistics that are translationally invariant with respect to the wavelength dimension, the statistics of object colors is highly non-uniform. The qualitative nature of this non-uniformity is due to trichromacy.

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“…Relating scene statistics to coding in the visual cortex has led to the fruitful concept of sparse coding (Olshausen and Field 1996) or to the characterization of V1 simple cells as independent components in natural scenes (Bell and Sejnowski 1997). In addition, various psychological and physiological effects have been explained by adaptation to scene statistics, such as the oblique effect (Boltz et al 1979;Coppola et al 1998), its inversion for broadband stimuli Hansen et al 2003), distance-size illusions (Howe and Purves 2002), and some aspects of color constancy (Golz and MacLeod 2002;Long and Purves 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human eye-head co-ordination in natural exploration

Einhäuser

Schumann

Bardins

et al. 2007

Network: Computation in Neural Systems

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During natural behavior humans continuously adjust their gaze by moving head and eyes, yielding rich dynamics of the retinal input. Sensory coding models, however, typically assume visual input as smooth or a sequence of static images interleaved by volitional gaze shifts. Are these assumptions valid during free exploration behavior in natural environments? We used an innovative technique to simultaneously record gaze and head movements in humans, who freely explored various environments (forest, train station, apartment). Most movements occur along the cardinal axes, and the predominance of vertical or horizontal movements depends on the environment. Eye and head movements co-occur more frequently than their individual statistics predicts under an independence assumption. The majority of cooccurring movements point in opposite directions, consistent with a gaze-stabilizing role of eye movements. Nevertheless, a substantial fraction of eye movements point in the same direction as co-occurring head movements. Even under the very most conservative assumptions, saccadic eye movements alone cannot account for these synergistic movements. Hence nonsaccadic eye movements that interact synergistically with head movements to adjust gaze cannot be neglected in natural visual input. Natural retinal input is continuously dynamic, and cannot be faithfully modeled as a mere sequence of static frames with interleaved large saccades.

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Natural scene statistics as the universal basis of color context effects

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

The prior statistics of object colors

Human eye-head co-ordination in natural exploration

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