Natural Products in Mitigation of Bisphenol A Toxicity: Future Therapeutic Use

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin with deleterious endocrine-disrupting effects. It is widely used in producing epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics, and polyvinyl chloride plastics. Human beings are regularly exposed to BPA through inhalation, ingestion, and topical absorption routes. The prevalence of BPA exposure has considerably increased over the past decades. Previous research studies have found a plethora of evidence of BPA’s harmful effects. Interestingly, even at a lower concentration, this industrial product was found to be harmful at cellular and tissue levels, affecting various body functions. A noble and possible treatment could be made plausible by using natural products (NPs). In this review, we highlight existing experimental evidence of NPs against BPA exposure-induced adverse effects, which involve the body’s reproductive, neurological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. The review also focuses on the targeted signaling pathways of NPs involved in BPA-induced toxicity. Although potential molecular mechanisms underlying BPA-induced toxicity have been investigated, there is currently no specific targeted treatment for BPA-induced toxicity. Hence, natural products could be considered for future therapeutic use against adverse and harmful effects of BPA exposure.

Organoids: The current status and biomedical applications

“…Evidence has pointed out that polybrominated diphenyl ethers are more likely to disrupt the differentiated NPCs in an hESC neural differentiation model and exert their cytotoxicity relying on the developmental stage 285 . Bisphenols are widely used to produce epoxy resins, and polycarbonate plastics, which have been shown to have endocrine disruptor effects and developmental toxicity in mammalian embryos 286,287 . Recently, the retinotoxicity of BPA, TBBPA, and TBBPS has been evaluated with human retinal organoids derived from ESCs 288 .…”

Bisphenol A promotes cell death in healthy respiratory system cells through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest

“…As well as having immediate effects on health, they can also have long‐term effects on the environment and ecosystems. It is, therefore, worthwhile to understand the potential risks of EDCs 4,5 …”

“…It is, therefore, worthwhile to understand the potential risks of EDCs. 4,5 Humans can suffer adverse health effects when continuously exposed to EDCs, such as phenols, parabens, and phthalates. In particular, phenols, especially bisphenol A (BPA), are linked to breast cancer, obesity, and altered reproductive functions.…”

“…It triggers DNA damage in type 2 epithelial cells as well. 5 DNA damage-mediated cell death is a crucial factor in the progression of many lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, and fibrotic lung diseases. It was shown that BPA can adversely affect lung development in animals.…”

“…16 As a result of BPA exposure, bronchial eosinophilic inflammation and allergy sensitization have been observed. 5 Hence, BPA exposure is associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and fibrotic infiltration of many organs in a time-dependent manner, including the lung. 17 BPA exposure is also correlated with increased inflammatory responses in the lungs, including the release of inflammatory cytokines.…”