Natural problems for stereoscopic depth perception in virtual environments

Wann, John P.; Rushton, Simon K.; Mon-Williams, Mark

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00018-u

Cited by 339 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, if the user changes his or her vergence angle to view a target appearing in a virtual 3-D scene presented on the HMD, the vergence angle can be mismatched relative to accommodative demand (Wann, Ruston, & Mon-Williams, 1995). An analogous situation can occur when a monocular HMD is worn and the imagery is fixated.…”

Section: Accommodation-vergence Synergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

2006

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)AFRL; AFRL/HEA SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate Warfighter Readiness Research Division 6030 South Kent Street Mesa AZ 85212-6061 AFRL-HE-AZ-TP-2007-03 DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThis paper was originally published in the journal Human Factors (Volume 48, Fall 2006). ABSTRACTObjective: We provide a review and analysis of much of the published literature on visual perception issues that impact the design and use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). Background: Unlike the previous literature on HMDs, this review draws heavily from the basic vision literature in order to help provide insight for future design solutions for HMDs. Method: Included in this review are articles and books found cited in other works as well as articles and books obtained from an Internet search. Results: Issues discussed include the effect of brightness and contrast on depth of field, dark focus, dark vergence, and perceptual constancy; the effect of accommodation/vergence synergy on perceptual constancy, eyestrain, and discomfort; the relationship of field of view to the functioning of different visual pathways and the types of visualmotor tasks mediated by them; the relationship of binocular input to visual suppression; and the importance of head movements, head tracking, and display update lag. Conclusion: This paper offers a set of recommendations for the design and use of HMDs. Application: Consideration of the basic vision literature will provide insight for future design solutions for HMDs.

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Section: Accommodation-vergence Synergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

2006

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“…Although they can create compelling depth perceptions, the S3D-type displays are subject to a well-known vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) problem due to the inability to render correct focus cues, including accommodation and retinal blur effects, for 3D scenes [1,2]. Eye accommodation refers to the focus action of the eye where ciliary muscles contract or relax to change the refractive power of the crystalline lens to obtain and maintain clarity of retinal image for a fixated object of a given depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic characterization and optimization of 3D light field displays

Huang¹,

Hua²

2017

Opt. Express

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One of the key issues in conventional stereoscopic displays is the well-known vergence-accommodation conflict problem due to the lack of the ability to render correct focus cues for 3D scenes. Recently several light field display methods have been explored to reconstruct a true 3D scene by sampling either the projections of the 3D scene at different depths or the directions of the light rays apparently emitted by the 3D scene and viewed from different eye positions. These methods are potentially capable of rendering correct or nearly correct focus cues and addressing the vergence-accommodation conflict problem. In this paper, we describe a generalized framework to model the image formation process of the existing light-field display methods and present a systematic method to simulate and characterize the retinal image and the accommodation response rendered by a light field display. We further employ this framework to investigate the trade-offs and guidelines for an optimal 3D light field display design. Our method is based on quantitatively evaluating the modulation transfer functions of the perceived retinal image of a light field display by accounting for the ocular factors of the human visual system.

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“…TM skill and stereoacuity (Wilmer and Backus, 2008), the conditioning of blur adaptation in 3D viewing contexts (Battaglia et al, 2004;Yaroslavsky et al, 2005), and the relation between stereoscopic acuity and observation distance (Wann et al, 1995;Bradshaw and Glennerster, 2006). However, few studies have reported the measurement of visual acuity estimated using stereoscopic Landolt rings.…”

Section: Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Convergence of the binocular viewing directions is the stimulation that causes stereoscopic recognition. It has been stated in many reports (Wann et al, 1995;Watt et al, 2005) that dissociation of accommodation and convergence occurs in stereoscopic viCopyright c Society for Science on Form, Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects on Visibility and Lens Accommodation of Stereoscopic Vision Induced by HMD Parallax Images

Hasegawa¹,

Hasegawa²,

Omori³

et al. 2014

Forma

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The visual function of lens accommodation was measured while subjects used stereoscopic vision with a head mounted display (HMD). Eyesight while viewing stereoscopic Landolt ring images displayed on HMD was also studied. Accommodation to virtual objects was seen when subjects viewed stereoscopic images of 3D computer graphics, but not when the images were displayed without appropriate binocular parallax. This suggests that stereoscopic moving images on HMD induced visual accommodation. Accommodation should be adjusted to the position of virtual stereoscopic images induced by parallax. A difference in the distances of the focused display and stereoscopic image may cause visual load. However, an experiment showed that Landolt rings of almost the same size were distinguished regardless of virtual distance of 3D images if the parallax was not larger than the fusional upper limit. The results of this study suggest that stereoscopic moving images on HMD induced visual accommodation by expansion and contraction of the ciliary muscle, which was synchronized with convergence. Appropriate parallax of stereoscopic vision should not reduce the visibility of stereoscopic virtual objects.

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Natural problems for stereoscopic depth perception in virtual environments

Cited by 339 publications

References 18 publications

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

Perceptual Issues in the Use of Head-Mounted Visual Displays

Systematic characterization and optimization of 3D light field displays

Effects on Visibility and Lens Accommodation of Stereoscopic Vision Induced by HMD Parallax Images

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