Natural Polyphenols: Chemical Classification, Definition of Classes, Subcategories, and Structures

Singla, Rajeev K.; Dubey, Ashok Kumar; Garg, Arun; Sharma, Ramesh; Fiorino, Marco; Ameen, Sara M.; Haddad, Moawiya A.; Al-Hiary, Masnat

doi:10.5740/jaoacint.19-0133

Cited by 298 publications

(212 citation statements)

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“…Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites of plants characterized by at least two phenyl rings and one or more hydroxyl substituents [ 76 ]. On the basis of the nature of the carbon skeleton, polyphenols are divided into four major classes: Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Stilbenes, and Lignans [ 77 ].…”

Section: Polyphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

et al. 2020

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, impaired sleep, fatigue, and behavioral changes. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve oxidative stress, disruption to mitochondria, alterations to the protein α-synuclein, and neuroinflammatory processes. There is currently no cure for the disease. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants, which have shown benefit in several experimental models of PD. Intake of polyphenols through diet is also associated with lower PD risk in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathology of PD and the data supporting the potential neuroprotective capacity of increased polyphenols in the diet. Evidence suggests that the intake of dietary polyphenols may inhibit neurodegeneration and the progression of PD. Polyphenols appear to have a positive effect on the gut microbiome, which may decrease inflammation that contributes to the disease. Therefore, a diet rich in polyphenols may decrease the symptoms and increase quality of life in PD patients.

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Section: Polyphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

et al. 2020

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“…Polyphenol compounds, constituting the largest class of dietary antioxidants, are secondary metabolites of plants and can be further classified into two main groups, namely flavonoids and non-flavonoids, according to their chemical structure and orientation of the number of phenol rings bound to one another [20]. The basic structure of non-flavonoid compounds contains a single aromatic ring, including phenolic compounds, stilbenes, curcuminoids, and lignans [20]. In contrast, all flavonoids share the basic structure of two or more aromatic rings connected to three carbons [20].…”

Section: Natural Antioxidants In Cardioprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic structure of non-flavonoid compounds contains a single aromatic ring, including phenolic compounds, stilbenes, curcuminoids, and lignans [20]. In contrast, all flavonoids share the basic structure of two or more aromatic rings connected to three carbons [20]. Flavonoids are the most abundant polyphenols and account for 60% of the human diet [21].…”

Section: Natural Antioxidants In Cardioprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavonoids are the most abundant polyphenols and account for 60% of the human diet [21]. The structural diversity of flavonoids is acquired by variations in hydroxylation and oxidation states; flavonoids are subdivided into different subgroups including flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, flavanonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanins [20]. The beneficial effects of these dietary antioxidants, especially polyphenols, against CVDs have been extensively investigated throughout the years [22].…”

Section: Natural Antioxidants In Cardioprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of miRNAs by Natural Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on SIRT1 and eNOS

Lee

2021

Antioxidants

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential benefits of natural antioxidants derived from supplemental nutrients against CVDs are well known. Remarkably, natural antioxidants exert cardioprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, increasing vasodilation, and normalizing endothelial dysfunction. Recently, considerable evidence has highlighted an important role played by the synergistic interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the maintenance of endothelial function. To provide a new perspective on the role of natural antioxidants against CVDs, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are important posttranscriptional modulators in human diseases. Several miRNAs are regulated via the consumption of natural antioxidants and are related to the regulation of oxidative stress by targeting eNOS and/or SIRT1. In this review, we have discussed the specific molecular regulation of eNOS/SIRT1-related endothelial dysfunction and its contribution to CVD pathologies; furthermore, we selected nine different miRNAs that target the expression of eNOS and SIRT1 in CVDs. Additionally, we have summarized the alteration of miRNA expression and regulation of activities of miRNA through natural antioxidant consumption.

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“…Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that are responsible for red, blue, and purple colours in plants [ 28 , 109 ]; for example, they are responsible for red grape and wine colours [ 25 ]. Additionally, they are involved in different processes related to the interactions of the plant with the environment [ 28 ].…”

Section: Heat Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics-Based Evaluation of Crop Quality Changes as a Consequence of Climate Change

et al. 2021

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Fruit composition determines the fruit quality and, consequently, consumer acceptance. As fruit quality can be modified by environmental conditions, it will be impacted by future alterations produced by global warming. Therefore, agricultural activities will be influenced by the changes in climatological conditions in cultivable areas, which could have a high socioeconomic impact if fruit production and quality decline. Currently, different stresses are being applied to several cultivated species to evaluate their impact on fruit metabolism and plant performance. With the use of metabolomic tools, these changes can be precisely measured, allowing us to determine changes in the patterns of individual compounds. As these changes depend on both the stress severity and the specific species involved and even on the specific cultivar, individual analysis must be conducted. To date, the most-studied crops have mainly been crops that are widely cultivated and have a high socioeconomic impact. In the near future, with the development of these metabolomic strategies, their implementation will be extended to other species, which will allow the adaptation of cultivation conditions and the development of varieties with high adaptability to climatological changes.

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Natural Polyphenols: Chemical Classification, Definition of Classes, Subcategories, and Structures

Cited by 298 publications

References 0 publications

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

Regulation of miRNAs by Natural Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on SIRT1 and eNOS

Metabolomics-Based Evaluation of Crop Quality Changes as a Consequence of Climate Change

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