Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated Derivatives in Chinese Maize and Wheat Collected in 2017

Yan, Pianpian; Liu, Zhezhe; Liu, Shiqiao; Yao, Liyun; Liu, Yan; Wu, Yongning; Gong, Zhiyong

doi:10.3390/toxins12030200

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In addition to the frequent co-occurrence of DON and ZEN, our results also demonstrate that the modified mycotoxins DON3G, 3- and 15-AcDON, and α- and β-ZEL can contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize along with their parent forms, which is in line with other studies in grain maize and small-grain cereals regarding a natural Fusarium mycotoxin contamination [ 16 , 19 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 49 , 64 ]. In contrast, there are only a few studies on the occurrence of modified forms of DON and ZEN in forage maize, mainly considering 3- and 15-AcDON [ 10 , 13 , 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars

Birr

Jensen

Preußke

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important Fusarium mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL). DON and ZEN occurred with high incidences (100 and 96%) and a wide range of concentrations, reaching levels up to 10,972 and 3910 µg/kg, respectively. Almost half of the samples (46%) exceeded the guidance value in complementary and complete feeding stuffs for ZEN (500 µg/kg), and 9% for DON (5000 µg/kg). The DON related mycotoxins DON3G and 3+15-AcDON were also present in almost all samples (100 and 97%) with amounts of up to 3038 and 2237 µg/kg and a wide range of concentrations. For the ZEN metabolites α- and β-ZEL lower incidences were detected (59 and 32%) with concentrations of up to 423 and 203 µg/kg, respectively. Forage maize samples were contaminated with at least three co-occurring mycotoxins, whereby 95% of all samples contained four or more mycotoxins with DON, DON3G, 3+15-AcDON, and ZEN co-occurring in 93%, together with α-ZEL in 57% of all samples. Positive correlations were established between concentrations of the co-occurring mycotoxins, especially between DON and its modified forms. Averaged over all samples, ratios of DON3G/DON and 3+15-AcDON/DON were similar, 20.2 and 20.5 mol%; cultivar-specific mean ratios ranged from 14.6 to 24.3 mol% and 15.8 to 24.0 mol%, respectively. In total, 40.7 mol% of the measured DON concentration was present in the modified forms DON3G and 3+15-AcDON. The α-ZEL/ZEN ratio was 6.2 mol%, ranging from 5.2 to 8.6 mol% between cultivars. These results demonstrate that modified mycotoxins contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize. To avoid a considerable underestimation, it is necessary to analyse modified mycotoxins in future mycotoxin monitoring programs together with their parent forms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars

Birr

Jensen

Preußke

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Therefore, the present study focuses on the mycotoxin DON as a broader environmental toxin. DON occurs in grains and cereal products; it is often hazardous to humans and livestock (Tucker et al 2019;Yan et al 2020). Recently, Bol-Schoenmakers et al (2016) reported that DON facilitates allergic sensitization to food proteins (whey) in mice including increased serum levels of whey-specific IgE, an acute allergic skin reaction upon allergen challenge, and production of Th2-type cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13 in whey-restimulated splenocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, DON showed the highest median concentration of 723 µg/kg (Gruber-Dorninger et al 2019). Yan et al (2020) showed that 100% of wheat samples and 99.83% of maize samples collected from China in 2017 contained an average of 165.87 and 175.30 μg/kg DON, respectively. Moreover, the DON contents in 3.63% of wheat and 2.97% of the maize samples were above the maximum limit of 1000 μg/kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Acute and subacute oral administration of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol exacerbates the pro-inflammatory and pro-pruritic responses in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis

et al. 2020

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in food is a public health concern; however, the effect of DON exposure on immune disorders including allergies remains unclear. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of oral exposure to DON on proinflammatory and pro-pruritic responses in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis, which was generated by topical application of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), a hapten that induces type-2 helper T cells. To evaluate acute exposure to DON, the mice were orally administered vehicle alone, 0.1 mg/kg DON, or 0.3 mg/kg DON 48, 24, and 1 h before the final challenge with TDI. To study subacute exposure, the mice were fed DON-contaminated rodent diet (0.3 ppm) during the experimental period. After the itch behavior and ear-swelling response were monitored, the serum, auricular lymph node, and skin tissue were collected for analyzing immunocyte differentiation, cytokine determination, and histological changes. Acute oral administration of DON significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses including ear-swelling response, immunocyte infiltration, and cytokine productions. Histological evaluation supported the occurrence of pro-inflammatory responses. In contrast, acute DON exposure only slightly increased itch behavior. Subacute oral exposure to DON significantly up-regulated the inflammatory responses, but showed almost no effect on pruritic response. In vitro evaluation in dendritic cells and keratinocytes indicated that DON pre-exposure induced a dose-dependent significant increase in cytokine production. Our results imply that both acute and subacute exposures to DON are associated with pro-inflammatory responses in cutaneous allergy.

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“…Fusarium head blight (FHB) is caused by Fusarium graminearum , a vital disease that threatens wheat production, occurs in almost all wheat‐producing countries in the world (Alisaac et al., 2020; Bai & Shaner, 1994; Gong et al., 2019). It mainly damages barley, wheat and other gramineous crops (Bai & Shaner, 1994; Gong et al., 2019; Yan et al., 2020). Among them, FHB is the most harmful to wheat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tebuconazole resistance of Fusarium graminearum field populations from wheat in Henan Province

Chen

Wei

et al. 2021

Journal of Phytopathology

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is caused by Fusarium graminearum, which contributes serious economic losses to crop yields, and is an epidemic disease of wheat. The resistance to tebuconazole of 1,118 F. graminearum strains obtained from different areas of Henan Province in 2018–2020 was determined by the discriminatory doses of 5.0 μg/ml. A total of 362 F. graminearum strains resistant to tebuconazole were detected, and the frequency of resistance of F. graminearum strains to tebuconazole was 30.7%. The EC50 and EC90 values of F. graminearum strains to tebuconazole were calculated according to the mycelial growth inhibition of the Henan F. graminearum population. The range of EC50 values of 756 sensitive strains and 362 resistant strains were 0.01–0.69 and 0.02–3.31 μg/ml, and the average ± SD EC50 of sensitive and resistant strains were 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.40 ± 0.13 μg/ml. The range of EC90 values of 756 sensitive strains and 362 resistant strains were 0.31–4.89 and 0.65–18.69 μg/ml, and the average ± SD EC90 values were 1.13 ± 0.05 and 2.98 ± 0.09 μg/ml. The CYP51A and CYP51B genes of the sensitive and resistant strains were amplified separately by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysed. The results showed that among the 150 resistant strains, only six resistant strains had amino acid mutation, which changed from serine to tyrosine (TCA‐TAT, Ser‐Tyr) at position 169 of CYP51B gene, and no amino acid mutation was found in CYP51B of the other 144 resistant strains. No amino acid mutation was found in the CYP51A gene of 150 resistant strains. These results provide important information to growers for monitoring tebuconazole resistance in F. graminearum field populations from wheat in Henan Province.

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Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated Derivatives in Chinese Maize and Wheat Collected in 2017

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars

Acute and subacute oral administration of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol exacerbates the pro-inflammatory and pro-pruritic responses in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis

Tebuconazole resistance of Fusarium graminearum field populations from wheat in Henan Province

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