Natural occurrence of alternariols in discolored pecans

Schroeder, Harry W.; Cole, Richard

doi:10.1021/jf60209a032

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The presence of internal fungal contamination of mature pecan seeds was reported previously (Beuchat 1975;Chipley and Heaton 1971;Hanlin 1971;Schroeder and Cole 1977). Rigorous surface sterilization procedures could not avoid fungal contamination without disturbing explant viability (Obeidy and Smith 1990;.…”

mentioning

confidence: 62%

In vitro propagation of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch]

Renukdas

Manoharan

Garner

2010

Plant Biotechnology

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The pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], a member of the family Juglandaceae, is an economically important nut crop. Propagation of pecan is done primarily by budding or grafting of improved cultivars onto seedling rootstocks. However, these methods suffer disadvantages such as considerable time, expense and poor transplanting survival of the plants. Propagation by cutting, though leads to uniform clonal rootstocks, is very difficult as the clones do not root readily. Even with the use of hormones, inconsistent results with only limited improvements have been reported (Brutsch et al. 1977;Smith et al. 1974;Wolstenholme and Allan 1975). In vitro propagation offers great potential for the pecan industry for large scale multiplication of selected clones and enables production of a high amount of constant quality plantlets within a very short time. Although somatic embryogenesis has been developed for pecan (Mathews and Wetzstein 1993;Merkle et al. 1987;Wetzstein et al. 1989Wetzstein et al. , 1990Yates and Reilly 1990), successful pecan micropropagation was not achieved because of poor regeneration and rooting. Wood (1982) and Knox and Smith (1981) have used nodal stem segment explants from seedlings to establish shoot proliferation, however, no consistent shoot proliferation, elongation or root development occurred and no plants were established in soil. Phillips and Ramirez (1983) and Corte-Olivares et al. (1990) used apical and axillary buds; shoot elongation was obtained, but rooting and establishment of plantlets were poor. Hansen and Lazarte (1984) used nodal cuttings as explants; shoots were rooted with 93% success and 63% plants were established in soil while Corte-Olivares et al. (1990) obtained 40% rooting of shoots. In this article, we report the development of a reliable and efficient protocol for rapid in vitro shoot induction and rooting of pecan plants by culturing nodal explants from seed in liquid culture. Although micropropagation of pecan through nodal explants from seed will result in heterozygous plants, the protocol optimized in this study could be applied for producing true-type plants from mature tissues.The unshelled mature seeds of pecan cultivars 'Cape Fear' and 'Desirable' were washed with sterile water for 10 min and then sterilized by immersion in the carbendazim solution (1.0 g l Ϫ1; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) overnight. The seeds were washed with sterile water and treated with 70% ethanol for 30 min., again washed with sterile water for three times to remove ethanol. Subsequently, the seeds were treated with a 2.83% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite for 30 min. The seeds were thoroughly rinsed five times with sterile water and aseptically shelled using nut cracker. The embryos were aseptically isolated from the seeds and treated with 2.83% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. and rinsed with sterilized water five times for five min Abstract An efficient method for in vitro propagation has been developed for pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch], a hig...

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confidence: 62%

In vitro propagation of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch]

Renukdas

Manoharan

Garner

2010

Plant Biotechnology

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“…The group of Pleosporaceae represented by Alternaria species consists mainly of saprophytes that are commonly found in soil or on decaying plant tissues; however, some of them were reported to acquire pathogenic traits (Thomma, 2003). Species of Alternaria are prevalent in the mycoflora that infests and often parasitizes the seeds of a wide variety of food crops (Schroeder and Cole, 1977). Here, endophytic Alternaria and cultivable and uncultivable Curvularia species were not only isolated from tissue samples but also directly amplified by PCR amplification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal diversity in adult date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Chobba¹,

Elleuch²,

Ayadi

et al. 2013

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Endophytic flora plays a vital role in the colonization and survival of host plants, especially in harsh environments, such as arid regions. This flora may, however, contain pathogenic species responsible for various troublesome host diseases. The present study is aimed at investigating the diversity of both cultivable and non-cultivable endophytic fungal floras in the internal tissues (roots and leaves) of Tunisian date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera). Accordingly, 13 isolates from both root and leaf samples, exhibiting distinct colony morphology, were selected from potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and identified by a sequence match search wherein their 18S-28S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were compared to those available in public databases. These findings revealed that the cultivable root and leaf isolates fell into two groups, namely Nectriaceae and Pleosporaceae. Additionally, total DNA from palm roots and leaves was further extracted and ITS fragments were amplified. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ITS from 200 fungal clones (leaves: 100; roots: 100) using HaeIII restriction enzyme revealed 13 distinct patterns that were further sequenced and led to the identification of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Davidiella (Cladosporium teleomorph), Pythium, Curvularia, and uncharacterized fungal endophytes. Both approaches confirmed that while the roots were predominantly colonized by Fusaria (members of the Nectriaceae family), the leaves were essentially colonized by Alternaria (members of the Pleosporaceae family). Overall, the findings of the present study constitute, to the authors' knowledge, the first extensive report on the diversity of endophytic fungal flora associated with date palm trees (P. dactylifera).

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“…Species of Alternaria are common and prevalent in the mycoflora, which infests and often parasitizes seeds of a wide variety of food crops (Schroeder, Cole, 1977).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological activities of the fermentation extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata isolated from Coffea arabica L.

Fernandes

Silva

Pfenning

et al. 2009

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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A total of 22 endophytic fungi isolated from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) were cultivated in vitro and their crude extracts tested. The screening was carried out using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The most effective isolate was Alternaria alternata, and subsequently, its extract was assayed. The total phenolic content was 3.44 μg GAE/mg of the crude extract. For the antibacterial and antifungal activity assays, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC and MFC) were determined. The ranges of MIC values were 50-100 μg/mL for S. aureus and 400-800 μg/mL for E. coli. The extract did not show activity in the tested concentrations for C. albicans. The fungal crude extract was assayed for antioxidant activities. Its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and antioxidant activity by β-carotene/ linoleic acid system oxidation was not significant. In addition, antitumor activity was studied using the MTT assay. At a dilution of 400 μg/mL, the extract displayed a cytotoxic activity of approximately 50% towards HeLa cells in vitro. The results indicate that endophytic fungi could be a promising source of bioactive compounds and warrant further study.Uniterms: Endophytic fungi. Bioactive compounds. Alternaria alternata/extract/antioxidant activity.Total de 22 fungos endofíticos isolados de café (Coffea arabica L.) foi cultivado in vitro e seus extratos testados. A triagem foi conduzida pelo método de difusão em agar contra bactérias Gram-positiva, Gram-negativa e uma levedura. O isolado mais efetivo foi Alternaria alternata e, subsequentemente, seu extrato foi analisado. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais do extrato bruto foi de 3,44 μg EAG/mg de extrato. Para os testes de atividade antimicrobiana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida e fungicida mínima (CBM e CFM) contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans foram determinadas. Resultados da CIM variaram entre 50-100 μg/mL para S. aureus e 400-800 μg/mL para E. coli. O extrato bruto não apresentou atividade nas concentrações testadas para C. albicans. Foram analisadas as atividades antioxidantes do extrato bruto. Sua habilidade para seqüestrar radicais DPPH e a atividade antioxidante pela oxidação do sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico não foram significativas. Além disso, a atividade antitumoral foi estudada pelo teste do MTT. À diluição de 400 μg/mL, o extrato apresentou atividade de aproximadamente 50% sobre as células HeLa in vitro. Os resultados indicam que fungos endófitos poderiam ser uma fonte promissora de compostos bioativos necessitando de estudos futuros.Unitermos: Fungos endofíticos. Compostos bioativos. Alternaria alternata/extrato/atividade antioxidante.

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Natural occurrence of alternariols in discolored pecans

Cited by 49 publications

References 7 publications

In vitro propagation of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch]

In vitro propagation of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch]

Fungal diversity in adult date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Biological activities of the fermentation extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata isolated from Coffea arabica L.

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