Natural Mega-Focus of Yersinia pestis Main Subspecies, Antique Biovar, Phylogenetic Line 4.ANT in Gorny Altai

Eroshenko, G. A.; Попов, Н. В.; Краснов, Я. М.; Nikiforov, K. A.; Kuznetsov, A. A.; Matrosov, A. N.; Кутырев, Владимир

doi:10.21055/0370-1069-2018-2-49-56

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Plague reservoirs are common at high elevation, such as in the highlands of the Tian-Shan, Pamir, and Altai ranges (2,300–4,000 m above sea level) ( 32 , 33 ), the Qinghai–Tibet plateau (3,000–5,000 m above sea level) ( 34 , 35 ), the plateaus in the Great Lakes highland region of East Africa (1,200–2,000 m above sea level) ( 36 ), and the Central and Northern Highlands of Madagascar (higher than 800 m above sea level) ( 37 ). Elevation may not directly influence plague transmission, but it can create favorable conditions for plague hosts and their vectors to coexist ( 38 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe

Stenseth

Tao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Caused by Yersinia pestis , plague ravaged the world through three known pandemics: the First or the Justinianic (6th–8th century); the Second (beginning with the Black Death during c.1338–1353 and lasting until the 19th century); and the Third (which became global in 1894). It is debatable whether Y. pestis persisted in European wildlife reservoirs or was repeatedly introduced from outside Europe (as covered by European Union and the British Isles). Here, we analyze environmental data (soil characteristics and climate) from active Chinese plague reservoirs to assess whether such environmental conditions in Europe had ever supported “natural plague reservoirs”. We have used new statistical methods which are validated through predicting the presence of modern plague reservoirs in the western United States. We find no support for persistent natural plague reservoirs in either historical or modern Europe. Two factors make Europe unfavorable for long-term plague reservoirs: 1) Soil texture and biochemistry and 2) low rodent diversity. By comparing rodent communities in Europe with those in China and the United States, we conclude that a lack of suitable host species might be the main reason for the absence of plague reservoirs in Europe today. These findings support the hypothesis that long-term plague reservoirs did not exist in Europe and therefore question the importance of wildlife rodent species as the primary plague hosts in Europe.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe

Stenseth

Tao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Host Aspect of Territorial Expansion of the Plague Microbe Yersinia pestis from the Populations of the Tarbagan Marmot (Marmota sibirica)

Suntsov

2021

Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci

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Ecological scenario of the plague microbe <i>Yersinia pestis</i> speciation underlying adequate molecular evolutionary model

Suntsov¹

2022

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity

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It is known that the psychrophilic pseudotuberculosis microbe serotype 1 (Y. pseudotuberculosis 0:1b) causing Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF) an intestinal infection found in a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates inhabiting cold regions in the Northern and Central Asia as well as Far East is direct ancestor of the plague causative agent Yersinia pestis. However, the mechanism of Y. pestis speciation remains poorly elucidated. Numerous Y. pestis phylogenies created by using molecular genetic (MG) technologies are largely contradictory, being not in line with reliable data obtained by natural science approaches (e.g., ecology, epizootology, biogeography, and paleontology), which disagree with current evolutionary doctrine (synthetic theory of evolution). The MG approach provides no definitive answer to the questions of where, when, how, and under what circumstances the species Y. pestis arose. One of the reasons for such situation might be due to inadequacy of using the molecular evolutionary model for Y. pestis phylogenetics. Knowledge of the life cycles for the ancestral pseudotuberculosis and derivative plague microbes as well as related unique environmental features allows to create a reliable ecological model for the plague microbe evolution to be further used for assessing patterns of molecular variability and building proper molecular model that might be accepted for MG-reconstruction of plague microbe history. According to the ecological model, the species Y. pestis was formed in a tritopic manner (almost) simultaneously from FESLF clones (populations) in the three geographical populations of the Mongolian marmot-tarbagan (Marmota sibirica) and the flea Oropsylla silantiewi parasitizing on it. The inducer of speciation was coupled to the last maximum (Sartan) cooling in Central Asia occurred 2215 thousand years ago. Soil cooling and deep freezing resulted in altered behavior of the marmot flea larvae with emergence of facultative hematophagy, which, in turn, led to a unique traumatic (compared to routine alimentary) infection route of sleeping marmots with FESLF and, as a result, a unique way of Y. pestis speciation. The molecular model should predict a Y. pestis peripatric tritope speciation, existing numerous parallelisms in intraspecific variability associated with tritope speciation, and the quantum principle of speciation in the highly variable heterothermic (heteroimmune) stressful marmot-flea (Marmota sibirica Oropsylla silantiewi) host-vector environment involving stress-induced mutagenesis. Such molecular model of evolution may be useful for improving molecular methodology of phylogenetic constructions for a wide range of parasitic microorganisms.

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Natural Mega-Focus of Yersinia pestis Main Subspecies, Antique Biovar, Phylogenetic Line 4.ANT in Gorny Altai

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe

No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe

Host Aspect of Territorial Expansion of the Plague Microbe Yersinia pestis from the Populations of the Tarbagan Marmot (Marmota sibirica)

Ecological scenario of the plague microbe <i>Yersinia pestis</i> speciation underlying adequate molecular evolutionary model

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