Natural Legend Design for Thematic Maps

DeLucia, Alan A.; Hiller, Donald W.

doi:10.1179/000870482787712784

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The replication of SV40 DNA requires a specific interaction between the T antigen and DNA sequences located at a unique site on the virus chromosome. These T antigen binding sequences in site II must be correctly spaced with respect to each other, suggesting that critical protein-protein interactions play an important role in initiation of DNA synthesis at the origin (Jones et al, 1984;DeLucia et al, 1983;Tegtmeyer et al, 1983;Cohen et al, 1984). Results presented herein demonstrate that the cellfree system for the replication of SV40 DNA is a faithful representation of the in vivo mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T antigen and template requirements for SV40 DNA replication in vitro.

Stillman¹,

Gerard²,

et al. 1985

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A cell‐free system for replication of SV40 DNA was used to assess the effect of mutations altering either the SV40 origin of DNA replication or the virus‐encoded large tumor (T) antigen. Plasmid DNAs containing various portions of the SV40 genome that surround the origin of DNA replication support efficient DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Deletion of DNA sequences adjacent to the binding sites for T antigen either reduce or prevent DNA synthesis. This analysis shows that sequences that had been previously defined by studies in vivo to constitute the minimal core origin sequences are also necessary for DNA synthesis in vitro. Five mutant T antigens containing amino acid substitutions that affect SV40 replication have been purified and their in vitro properties compared with the purified wild‐type protein. One protein is completely defective in the ATPase activity of T antigen, but still binds to the origin sequences. Three altered proteins are defective in their ability to bind to origin DNA, but retain ATPase activity. Finally, one of the altered T antigens binds to origin sequences and contains ATPase activity and thus appears like wild‐type for these functions. All five proteins fail to support SV40 DNA replication in vitro. Interestingly, in mixing experiments, all five proteins efficiently compete with the wild‐type protein and reduce the amount of DNA replication. These data suggest that an additional function of T antigen other than origin binding or ATPase activity, is required for initiation of DNA replication.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T antigen and template requirements for SV40 DNA replication in vitro.

Stillman¹,

Gerard²,

et al. 1985

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“…al., 1995:336) [33]. The other such aspect in this regard can be seen in the experimental evidence from efforts aimed at legend design improvements (DeLucia and Hiller 1982) [34]. Their results can be extended to show that those legend designs function more efficiently where the arrangement of the standard symbols follows the same kind of ordering which was employed during the modulations of the required graphic variable or variables for attaching a form to the referent attributes at their various designated places in the map space.…”

Section: Vi2 Proposed Legend Design: Content Structure and Organisamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quality of specificity and memorability provided by graded gray steps in the legend symbols is further seen to ensure an efficient probe and test sequence in top-down verifications. It is at the same time also appears to prevent a continuous shift of attention from map to legend and back which affects the efficiency of information processing at this stage (DeLucia and Hiller 1982: 48) [34]. The availability of adequate number of standard symbols of appropriate size when combined with the specificity and the role of memorability in selection as the required anchors have resulted in an effective magnitude based discrimination in case of circle symbolised maps.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Role of Symbol Form and Legend Design in Proportional Point Symbolised Maps: An Experimental Study in Thematic Map Design

John¹

2014

IOSRJHSS

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Point symbols are the most commonly used proportional symbols in thematic mapping. Traditionally two types of symbols have been in use in this category -proportional squares and circles. These studies have reported malfunctioning of these symbol forms in terms of the errors reflected in response outputs of the magnitudes both in absolute and relative modes when these are read from the symbols placed in map environments. This malfunctioning of the symbol among other factors was ascribed to the type and design of symbol form and the legend provided on these maps. This paper examines the deficiencies in symbol form design of proportional circles and squares together with the existing design practices of legend design. An effort will also be made to improve symbol form by (1) adding (a) uniform gray area fills (b) graded gray area fills in the open circle and square form together with (2) an improvement in legend deign and its organisation. These design improvements will be tested experimentally by measuring the resulting improvements in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness of visual information processing. The experimental results have shown enhancements in both efficiency and effectiveness in information processing from maps due to proposed design improvement.

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“…This may be achieved through 1D ordering of legend items [48] or more sophisticated use of the space. 2D layouts that represent information structure have been shown to be effective in some circumstances [2,14], suggesting that improvements in performance may result where the dimensionality of a legend concurs with the dimensionality in the data. MacEachren [41] explains in terms of schemata -elements of longterm memory used to organise knowledge and frame future understanding.…”

Section: Layout -How To Use Legend Space?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ordering legend items consistently with lower values at the bottom and high at the top [48], natural legends [14], and 2D legends [2,3] may meet these criteria. Considering the planar dimensions as mappable space into which information that contains 1 and 2D orders, hierarchical relationships and categorical differences may be productive -for example to represent category, age and regional variation in a geology map legend [22].…”

Section: Layout -How To Use Legend Space?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking Map Legends with Visualization

Dykes

Wood

Slingsby

2010

IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics

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This design paper presents new guidance for creating map legends in a dynamic environment. Our contribution is a set of guidelines for legend design in a visualization context and a series of illustrative themes through which they may be expressed. These are demonstrated in an applications context through interactive software prototypes. The guidelines are derived from cartographic literature and in liaison with EDINA who provide digital mapping services for UK tertiary education. They enhance approaches to legend design that have evolved for static media with visualization by considering: selection, layout, symbols, position, dynamism and design and process. Broad visualization legend themes include: The Ground Truth Legend, The Legend as Statistical Graphic and The Map is the Legend. Together, these concepts enable us to augment legends with dynamic properties that address specific needs, rethink their nature and role and contribute to a wider re-evaluation of maps as artifacts of usage rather than statements of fact. EDINA has acquired funding to enhance their clients with visualization legends that use these concepts as a consequence of this work. The guidance applies to the design of a wide range of legends and keys used in cartography and information visualization.

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Natural Legend Design for Thematic Maps

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

T antigen and template requirements for SV40 DNA replication in vitro.

T antigen and template requirements for SV40 DNA replication in vitro.

The Role of Symbol Form and Legend Design in Proportional Point Symbolised Maps: An Experimental Study in Thematic Map Design

Rethinking Map Legends with Visualization

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