Natural language watermarking for german texts

Halvani, Oren; Steinebach, Martin; Wolf, Patrick J.; Zimmermann, Ralf

doi:10.1145/2482513.2482522

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The text typically consists of several words, sentences, verbs, nouns, adverbs, adjectives, and so on. Several linguistic-based approaches have used characteristics such as synonyms, abbreviations, the similarity of words, and so on, to embed secret bits into a CM [ 17 , 62 , 70 , 71 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 106 , 109 ]. In general, we can classify the linguistic based approaches into two types: syntactic and semantic.…”

Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Ahvanooey

Hou

et al. 2019

Entropy

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Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential information. Recently, text hiding in the form of watermarking and steganography has found broad applications in, for instance, covert communication, copyright protection, content authentication, etc. In contrast to text hiding, text steganalysis is the process and science of identifying whether a given carrier text file/message has hidden information in it, and, if possible, extracting/detecting the embedded hidden information. This paper presents an overview of state of the art of the text hiding area, and provides a comparative analysis of recent techniques, especially those focused on marking structural characteristics of digital text message/file to hide secret bits. Also, we discuss different types of attacks and their effects to highlight the pros and cons of the recently introduced approaches. Finally, we recommend some directions and guidelines for future works.

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Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Ahvanooey

Hou

et al. 2019

Entropy

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“…Moreover, they claim that proposed method does not change the general meaning of the sentences, but practically it alters the meaning of text slightly [38]. Halvani et al (2013) proposed four methods to hide the watermark bits either by lexical or syntactic alteration, and those are designed for the German language. The first syntactic transformation applies enumeration modulation (EM) to embed the watermark bits using the grammatical rules "constituent movements."…”

Section: Linguistic (Natural Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantage of these methods is compatibility to some other languages such as Spanish, English, or French. However, these methods also have the same problems as other NL algorithms: those methods almost change the original meaning [39]. Mali et al (2013) introduced a novel NL watermarking method.…”

Section: Linguistic (Natural Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

Ahvanooey

Shim

et al. 2018

Security and Communication Networks

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With the ceaseless usage of web and other online services, it has turned out that copying, sharing, and transmitting digital media over the Internet are amazingly simple. Since the text is one of the main available data sources and most widely used digital media on the Internet, the significant part of websites, books, articles, daily papers, and so on is just the plain text. Therefore, copyrights protection of plain texts is still a remaining issue that must be improved in order to provide proof of ownership and obtain the desired accuracy. During the last decade, digital watermarking and steganography techniques have been used as alternatives to prevent tampering, distortion, and media forgery and also to protect both copyright and authentication. This paper presents a comparative analysis of information hiding techniques, especially on those ones which are focused on modifying the structure and content of digital texts. Herein, various text watermarking and text steganography techniques characteristics are highlighted along with their applications. In addition, various types of attacks are described and their effects are analyzed in order to highlight the advantages and weaknesses of current techniques. Finally, some guidelines and directions are suggested for future works.

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“…By comparing this method to other natural language watermarking algorithms, it has more imperceptibility but lower robustness. Another natural language watermarking work was proposed by (Halvani et al, 2013). In this study, four approaches were designed to achieve the embedding process either by lexical or syntactic transformation.…”

Section: Content Watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was limited to the Chinese language. Halvani et al (2013) low medium high Lew and Woo (2013b) low medium high Fei and Tang (2013) low medium high…”

Section: Zero-watermarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art in Techniques of Text Digital Watermarking: Challenges and Limitations

Al-Maweri¹,

Ali²,

Adnan³

et al. 2016

Journal of Computer Science

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Data protection from malicious attacks and misuse has become a crucial issue. Various types of data, including images, videos, audio and text documents, have given cause for the development of different methods for their protection. Cryptography, digital signatures and steganography are the most well known technologies used to protect data. During the last decade, digital watermarking technology has also been utilized as an alternative to prevent media forgery and tampering or falsification to ensure both copyright and authentication. Much work has been done to protect images, videos and audio but only a few algorithms have been considered for text document protection with digital watermarking. However, our survey observed that available text watermarking algorithms are neither robust nor imperceptible and as such remain unsecured methods of protection. Hence, research to improve the performance of text watermarking algorithms is required. This paper reviews current watermarking algorithms for text documents and categorizes text watermarking methods based on the way the text was treated during the watermarking process. It also discusses merits and demerits of available methods as well as recent proposed methods for evaluating text watermarking systems and the need for further research on digital text watermarking.

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Natural language watermarking for german texts

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

State-of-the-Art in Techniques of Text Digital Watermarking: Challenges and Limitations

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