Natural infections of leptomonad flagellates in Panamanian Phlebotomus sandflies

Johnson, Phyllis T.; McConnell, E.; Hertig, Marshall

doi:10.1016/0014-4894(63)90015-8

Cited by 82 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Further evidence for the development of Endotrypanum in phlebotomines was obtained by feeding several laboratory-reared sandfly species on infected sloths (Shaw 1964, 1969, 1981, Christensen & Herrer 1977, 1979. In these studies, infections developing within the insect gut (Shaw 1964(Shaw , 1969 were similar to those found in wild caught sandflies (Johnson et al 1963, Arias et al 1985. Moreover, we have reported (Franco et al 1997b) the developmental biology of Brazilian strains of Endotrypanum for three sandfly species.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Franco¹,

Grimaldi²

1999

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Key words: Endotrypanum -Protozoa -Kinetoplastida -Trypanosomatidae -molecular taxonomy -enzyme activities -monoclonal antibodies -enzyme electrophoresis -DNA analyses -mammalian reservoirssandflies vectorsBiological characteristics of Endotrypanum spp. -Parasitic protozoa of the genus Endotrypanum are unique among the Kinetoplastida in that they infect erythrocytes of their mammalian host. Infection with Endotrypanum appears to be restricted to edentates, principally of forest-dwelling two-toed sloths of the genus Choloepus, but rarer infections with these flagellates seems to occur in three-toed sloths (genus Bradypus) (Fig. 1). As shown in Fig. 2, inside the erythocyte the Endotrypanum assumes an epimastigote or trypomastigote form, while in the sandfly or during in vitro culture the parasite assumes promastigote morphology (Shaw 1992). However, the complete life cycle of Endotrypanum spp. has not been reproduced in experimental studies. Other developmental stages of the parasite may occur within the mammalian host (Deane 1961).In nature, Endotrypanum parasites are probably transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Arias et al. (Rogers et al. 1988). Further evidence for the development of Endotrypanum in phlebotomines was obtained by feeding several laboratory-reared sandfly species on infected sloths (Shaw 1964, 1969, 1981, Christensen & Herrer 1977, 1979. In these studies, infections developing within the insect gut (Shaw 1964(Shaw , 1969 were similar to those found in wild caught sandflies (Johnson et al. 1963, Arias et al. 1985. Moreover, we have reported (Franco et al. 1997b) the developmental biology of Brazilian strains of Endotrypanum for three sandfly species. Development of Endotrypanum varied for each parasitehost species association. After feeding on culture forms of E. schaudinni, significantly more Lu. shannoni (100%, 9/9) became infected than did Lu. longipalpis (62.3%, 33/53) or Phlebotomus papatasi (27.3%, 15/55). The greatest number of infections were in the midgut and hindgut from 6 to 16 days after feeding, but flagellates also were present in the Malpighian tubules. Moreover, distinct development patterns in the sandfly gut were obtained when the Callejon Lu. longipalpis colony was fed on cultures of other Endotrypanum strains.

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supporting

confidence: 54%

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Franco¹,

Grimaldi²

1999

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Five days after feeding, live male and female sand flies were counted and the engorged females were dissected in a drop of PBS. The guts were examined under interference microscopy (24), and the proportions of infected females and appearance of flagellates within the digestive tract of each sand fly were recorded. The approximate numbers of promastigotes and their distribution in different parts of the gut were estimated based on observations using the 40ϫ objective of a microscope.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Tissue Parasitic Load and Infectivity to Sand Flies in Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania ( Leishmania ) chagasi following Treatment with a Liposome Formulation of Meglumine Antimoniate

Ribeiro¹,

Moura²,

Pimentel³

et al. 2008

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The toxicity and antileishmanial effectiveness of a novel liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate in mongrel dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) obtained from a region where VL is endemic in Brazil have been investigated. Groups of 12 animals received by the intravenous route four doses (with 4-day intervals) of either liposomal meglumine antimoniate (group I [GI], 6.5 mg Sb/kg of body weight/dose), empty liposomes (GII), or isotonic saline (GIII). Evaluation of markers of hematopoietic, hepatic, and renal functions before and just after treatment showed no significant change. On the other hand, transitory adverse reactions, including prostration, defecation, tachypnea, and sialorrhea, were observed during the first 15 min after injections in GI and GII. Parasitological evaluation of sternal bone marrow 4 days after the last dose showed a significant reduction of parasite burden in GI, compared to the other groups. Immunocytochemical evaluations of the skin, bone marrow, cervical lymph nodes, livers, and spleens of dogs for parasites, 150 days after treatment, indicated significant parasite suppression (higher than 95.7%) in the lymph nodes, livers, and spleens of GI, compared to control groups. Feeding of Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomines on dogs from GI, 150 days after treatment, resulted in a significant reduction of sand fly infection efficiency, compared to feeding on animals from GII and GIII. This is the first report of both long-term parasite suppression and reduction of infectivity to sand flies in naturally infected dogs following treatment with a liposome-encapsulated drug. Importantly, this was achieved using a 20-fold-lower cumulative dose of Sb than is used for conventional antimonial treatment.

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“…L. gomezi was reported to be naturally infected with Le. braziliensis in Panama (Johnson et al 1993), Colombia , Ecuador (Gomez & Hashiguchi 1987) and Venezuela (Feliciangeli 1991, Feliciangeli et al 1994. L. ovallesi is recognized as a vector of CL in Venezuela (Feliciangeli 1991, Feliciangeli et al 1994 and Guatemala (Rowton et al 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ootaxonomic investigation of five Lutzomyia species (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Venezuela

Fausto

Feliciangeli

Maroli

et al. 2001

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Natural infections of leptomonad flagellates in Panamanian Phlebotomus sandflies

Cited by 82 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Reduced Tissue Parasitic Load and Infectivity to Sand Flies in Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania ( Leishmania ) chagasi following Treatment with a Liposome Formulation of Meglumine Antimoniate

Ootaxonomic investigation of five Lutzomyia species (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Venezuela

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