Natural Infection of &lt;I&gt;Culex theileri&lt;/I&gt; (Diptera: Culicidae) with &lt;I&gt;Dirofilaria immitis&lt;/I&gt; (Nematoda: Filarioidea) on Madeira Island, Portugal

Santa-Ana, Marta; Khadem, Mahnaz; Capela, Rúben A.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0104:nioctd]2.0.co;2

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Similar trends are likely to be observed in the future, with an increased risk simulated over northern Europe and slightly decreased risk over southern Europe where drier and warmer summers might limit southward expansion of this species [59]. At the same time, six more indigenous mosquito species, Culex theileri [60], Anopheles maculipennis sensu lato , Coquillettidia richiardii [61], Aedimorphus vexans , Dahliana geniculata [ Aedes geniculatus ] and Ochlerotatus caspius [62-64] have recently been found infected by D. immitis in nature. All of the potential indigenous vectors are highly mammophylic and anthropophylic (excluding some members of An.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 66%

Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

et al. 2013

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Presently, 45% of the total human population of Europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (VBH) causing diseases. A plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. Although canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of VBH spreading into non-endemic areas, another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe. The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated. Similarly, tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs were recently shown to be widespread in Europe. Although for most of the VBH above there is an increasing accumulation of research data on their distribution at national level, the overall impact of the diseases they cause in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects. This review investigates the reasons underlying the increasing trend in distribution of VBH in Europe and discusses the diagnostic and control strategies currently available. In addition, this article provides the authors’ opinion on some topics related to VBH that would deserve further scientific investigation.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 66%

Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

et al. 2013

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“…pipiens in Spain (Morchón et al, 2007), Italy (Cancrini et al, 2006), and Turkey (Yildirim et al, 2011); Cx. theileri in Madeira, Portugal (Santa-Ana et al, 2006), and on the Canary Islands, Spain (Morchón et al, 2011a); Ae. vexans in Turkey (Biskin et al, 2010; Yildirim et al, 2011) and Ae.…”

Section: Vector Transmission Of Dirofilariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends

Morchón¹,

Carretón²,

et al. 2012

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Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is a cosmopolitan disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which affects mainly canids and felids. Moreover, it causes zoonotic infections, producing pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans. Heartworm disease is a vector-borne transmitted disease, thus transmission depends on the presence of competent mosquito species, which is directly related to favorable climate conditions for its development and survival. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is mainly located in countries with temperate and tropical climates. Europe is one of the continents where animal dirofilariasis has been studied more extensively. In this article we review the current prevalence of canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in the European continent, the transmission vectors, the current changes in the distribution and the possible causes, though the analysis of the epidemiological studies carried out until 2001 and between 2002 and 2011. The highest prevalences have been observed in the southern European countries, which are considered historically endemic/hyperendemic countries. Studies carried out in the last 10 years suggest an expansion of cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in dogs toward central and northern Europe. Several factors can exert an influence on the spreading of the disease, such as movement of infected animals, the introduction of new species of mosquitoes able to act as vectors, the climate change caused by the global warming, and development of human activity in new areas. Veterinary controls to prevent the spreading of this disease, programs of control of vectors, and adequate protocols of prevention of dirofilariasis in the susceptible species should be carried out.

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“…pipiens in Spain [49], Italy [33], and Turkey [50]; Cx. theileri in Madeira, Portugal [51], and on the Canary Islands, Spain [52]; Ae. vexans in Turkey [50,53]; and Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilaria sp. and Blood Meal Analysis in Mosquitoes Collected in Vojvodina and Mačva, and the First Report of Setaria tundra (Issaitshikoff & Rajewskaya, 1928) in Serbia

Šiljegović,

Mouillaud,

Jiolle

et al. 2024

Animals

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Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the two most widespread and important species of mosquito-borne nematodes, posing a significant threat to veterinary health and particularly affecting canines and felines. While D. immitis causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, D. repens causes subcutaneous infections in dogs and other carnivores. Despite the extensive knowledge on these parasites, little is known about their natural vectors in Serbia. The parasite Setaria tundra, known to infect deer, has not yet been detected in Serbia but has been documented in neighboring countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to (i) further map out Dirofilaria sp. hotspots in the Vojvodina Province and detect S. tundra for the first time, (ii) detect positive mosquito species that can provide insights into how the nematodes spread in Serbia, and (iii) analyze the blood-fed female mosquitoes of species found to be infected, in order to identify the potential source of parasite infection. A total of 2902 female mosquitoes were collected across 73 locations during 2021 and 2022. Molecular biology methods, based on conventional PCR, were used to analyze non-blood-fed (2521 specimens) and blood-fed (381 specimens) female mosquitos, in order to detect filarial nematode presence and identify blood-meal sources, respectively. When the parasite genome was detected, the amplicon (cox1 gene, 650 bp fragment) was sent for Sanger sequencing, further confirming the presence of nematodes and species assignation. D. immitis was detected in three Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected in Zrenjanin (August 2021) and Glogonj and Svetozar Miletić (both in July 2021). Additionally, Setaria tundra was detected in Aedes vexans collected in Iđoš (mid-August 2021) and Aedes caspius, which was collected in Mali Iđoš (end of July 2021). This work identifies two new locations where D. immitis occurs in Vojvodina, and is the first report of S. tundra in Serbian territory. Blood-meal analysis provided insights into the preferences of mosquitoes that were positive for Dirofilaria sp. and S. tundra.

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Natural Infection of <I>Culex theileri</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) with <I>Dirofilaria immitis</I> (Nematoda: Filarioidea) on Madeira Island, Portugal

Cited by 21 publications

References 2 publications

Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe

Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends

Dirofilaria sp. and Blood Meal Analysis in Mosquitoes Collected in Vojvodina and Mačva, and the First Report of Setaria tundra (Issaitshikoff & Rajewskaya, 1928) in Serbia

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