“…The introduction of dynamic and reversible noncovalent interactions, including coordination bonds, ionic bonds, host-guest interaction and hydrogen bonds, could endow a hydrogel with a self-healing ability, as well as stimuli-responsive and adaptive properties ( Cao et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2018 ; Yan et al, 2020 ). Among the wide ranges of noncovalent bonds, hydrogen bonds are commonly found in natural systems, due to their bonding strength and low toxicity, and have been widely used to design functional hydrogels ( Chen et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Moreover, the hydrogen bonds in a hydrogel serve as sacrificial bonds and show an excellent toughening effect, by effectively dissipating external energy ( Zhang et al, 2018 ).…”