Natural gas quality fluctuations – surveys and statistics on the situation in Germany

Leicher, Jörg; Giese, Anne; Görner, Klaus; Werschy, Matthias; Krause, Hartmut; Dörr, Holger

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.161

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The unit for the Wobbe indices W i and W s is like for H i and H s given in energy per volume or mass. The Wobble index is the key parameter for domestic burners, whereas commercial and industrial burner operators are more often interested in the calorific values (CV) and air demand [10,19]. Similar to the Wobbe index the combustion air requirement index (CARI) is used for a given pressure and a flow restriction and is defined as…”

Section: Gas Quality and Gas Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of impacts of gas qualities with regard to quality determination and energy metering of natural gas

Dörr

Koturbash

Kutcherov

2019

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Diversification of gas supply via the liberalization of the gas trade, the discovery of new fossil gas sources, and the increasing use of renewable gases, are favoring pronounced and more frequent fluctuations in gas quality. The knowledge of gas quality is crucial for custody transfer, and safe, efficient and low-emission operation of gas-driven processes. The onsite measurement of gas quality by the operators of gas production facilities, gas grids, gas storage and gas utilization facilities is an emerging requirement. This paper describes several different approaches for determining gas quality by direct, indirect and inferential methods based on the physicochemical properties of gas. Special emphasis is devoted to a discussion on the miniaturization of gas quality sensors and the incorporation of hydrogen detection and measurement into these sensors, due to potential hydrogen admixture to natural gas. In addition, an overview and analysis of the regulatory and normative requirements for gas quality measurements are presented. Furthermore, an overview of gas quality measurement devices and sensors, recent developments as well as challenges and benefits associated with gas quality measurement instrumentation, are provided.

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Section: Gas Quality and Gas Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Industrial or commercial burners are commonly set to very small excess combustion air settings of 1.05 ⩽ λ ⩽ 1.15, which is adjusted only during the installation or maintenance of the equipment (e.g. [10,19]). The local gas quality is often unknown at the time of adjustment.…”

Section: Distributed Gas Qualities and Gas Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of impacts of gas qualities with regard to quality determination and energy metering of natural gas

Dörr

Koturbash

Kutcherov

2019

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, the exact composition plays a decisive role for numerous industrial applications. Changes in the energy content, which is strongly dependent on the different alkane fractions, must be compensated by adjusting certain production parameters (Leicher et al, 2017). Temperature-sensitive processes can be controlled, for example, by adjusting the oxygen content of a mixture (Mukhopadhyay and Sen, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAS-based isotopologic analysis of highly concentrated methane

Bahr

Wolff

2022

Front. Environ. Chem.

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Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is typically used for the detection of trace gases. In this way, mixtures of short-chain hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane or propane can be analyzed with detection limits in the range of parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) or even below. However, there are a number of applications where highly concentrated mixtures need to be analyzed. In some cases even the isotopologic composition of certain hydrocarbons needs to be determined. Examples can be found in natural gas production and planetary research. We present PAS-based isotopologic analyses of two digit percentage-level methane concentrations in nitrogen. The investigation allows conclusions to be drawn about the extent to which PAS is suitable for an isotopologic analysis of undiluted natural gas-like mixtures.

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“…The push for climate-neutral energy production could thus necessitate that we adapt to the fluctuating quality in the fuel gas grid, especially in the near future during the transition from fossil to renewable fuels. Consequently, time-resolved quality controls are necessary along the transmission network and for end users with specific requirements to ensure safety as well as optimal and stable operation. , Importantly, the actual gas composition is a more relevant criterion than the Wobbe index for many industrial end users …”

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“…With PtG on the horizon, the fuel gas composition might vary strongly in the future due to the H 2 admixture. Additional fluctuations in the quality and chemical makeup of the fuel gas arise from natural gas from different sources and from the input of biogas with varying rates and compositions. , Optimal operation of the transmission grid and fuel gas burning thus requires analytical methods that yield detailed and time-resolved information about the composition of the fuel gas mixture. Ideally, the analysis precisely determines the contents of CH 4 , C2+ alkanes like ethane (C 2 H 6 ) or propane (C 3 H 8 ), and H 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrogen and C2–C6 Alkane Sensing in Complex Fuel Gas Mixtures with Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Knebl

Domes

et al. 2021

Anal. Chem.

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Power-to-gas is a heavily discussed option to store surplus electricity from renewable sources. Part of the generated hydrogen could be fed into the gas grid and lead to fluctuations in the composition of the fuel gas. Consequently, both operators of transmission networks and end users would need to frequently monitor the gas to ensure safety as well as optimal and stable operation. Currently, gas chromatography-based analysis methods are the state of the art. However, these methods have several downsides for time-resolved and distributed application and Raman gas spectroscopy is favorable for future point-of-use monitoring. Here, we demonstrate that fiber-enhanced Raman gas spectroscopy (FERS) enables the simultaneous detection of all relevant gases, from major (methane, CH 4 ; hydrogen, H 2 ) to minor (C2−C6 alkanes) fuel gas components. The characteristic peaks of H 2 (585 cm −1 ), CH 4 (2917 cm −1 ), isopentane (765 cm −1 ), i-butane (798 cm −1 ), n-butane (830 cm −1 ), n-pentane (840 cm −1 ), propane (869 cm −1 ), ethane (993 cm −1 ), and nhexane (1038 cm −1 ) are well resolved in the broadband spectra acquired with a compact spectrometer. The fiber enhancement achieved in a hollow-core antiresonant fiber enables highly sensitive measurements with limits of detection between 90 and 180 ppm for different hydrocarbons. Both methane and hydrogen were quantified with high accuracy with average relative errors of 1.1% for CH 4 and 1.5% for H 2 over a wide concentration range. These results show that FERS is ideally suited for comprehensive fuel gas analysis in a future, where regenerative sources lead to fluctuations in the composition of gas.

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Natural gas quality fluctuations – surveys and statistics on the situation in Germany

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Review of impacts of gas qualities with regard to quality determination and energy metering of natural gas

Review of impacts of gas qualities with regard to quality determination and energy metering of natural gas

PAS-based isotopologic analysis of highly concentrated methane

Hydrogen and C2–C6 Alkane Sensing in Complex Fuel Gas Mixtures with Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

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