Natural emergence

Abstract

Emergence is analyzed by the principle of least action. The supreme law of nature describes diverse systems as actions that evolve from one state to another by consuming free energy in least time. As the system will either gain or lose quanta at the step of evolution, the systemic characteristics after the change of state cannot be reduced to those before the change. The change will invariably entail also a change in inter-actions, which are flows of energy on paths that integrate ingredient systems to a synergistic system. New qualities will emerge along with opening interactions just as old ones will disappear along with ceasing interactions. The analysis of emergence as a natural process reveals that its irreducible and unpredictable nature does not result from complexity as such but because the natural process itself is molding the surroundings where it is evolving.

On the exhaust of electromagnetic drive

“…The body is not a mere sum of its material constituents because also the photons are contained in interactions. 44 Dissipation in the gravitational changes of state is also required by reversibility. 43 When the body falls down on the ground, photons must emit from the gravitational potential to the surrounding vacuum, because when the body is lifted back up on its initial height, some fuel is needed, ultimately in the form of absorbed photons, for example, from insolation.…”

A Possible Ethical Imperative Based on the Entropy Law

“…Additional and conscious efforts of sorting or ordering are needed. As Orrell ([45], p. 11) explains: "A defining property of complex systems is that they exhibit what is known as emergent behavior (see also [46]): properties which emerge from the system but cannot be predicted using the knowledge of the system's components alone." Living organisms are complex systems and in living organisms, we talk not only about the production but also the consumption of entropy (Remark B32).…”

A Link between Nano- and Classical Thermodynamics: Dissipation Analysis (The Entropy Generation Approach in Nano-Thermodynamics)

“…(1) Sg,tf is the entropy generation due to the thermal flux driven by temperature difference; (2) Sg,dc is the entropy generation due to the diffusion current driven by chemical potential gradients; (3) Sg,vg is the entropy generation due to the velocity gradient coupled with viscous stress; (4) Sg,cr is the entropy generation due to the chemical reaction rate driven by affinity, always positive [42][43][44]; (5) Sg,de is the entropy generation due to the dissipation due to work by interaction with the environment; (6) II = P -p I with P total pressure tensor, p hydrostatic pressure and I identity matrix of which the elements are Ijk = δjk = 1 if j = k and 0 in the other cases,…”

“…Energy balances are the results of the exchange of energy between any real system and its environment. The real systems evolution is always related to the decrease of their free energy, in the least time [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”