Natural diamonds—Major, minor and trace impurities in relation to source and physical properties

Erasmus, C.S.; Sellschop, J.P.F.; Bibby, D.M.; Fesq, H.W.; Kable, E.J.D.; Keddy, R.J.; Hawkins, Douglas M.; Mingay, D.W.; Rasmussen, S. E.; Renan, M.J.; Watterson, J.I.W.

doi:10.1007/bf02520190

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Proton-probe analyses of both peridotitic and eclogitic diamonds show high levels of C1, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni; other elements such as Rb, Sr, Zr and Ba appear in some spectra. This same suite of elements, as well as REE (strongly LREE enriched) has been found by NAA analysis of composite samples of diamonds from the Finsch kimberlite (believed to be largely peridotitic (Erasmus et al, 1977)). Bibby (1979) used sequential dissolution to analyse the zonal distribution of trace elements in a Premier diamond with an inferred Cr-diopside inclusion, and found similar abundances of several elements (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Bibby (1979) used sequential dissolution to analyse the zonal distribution of trace elements in a Premier diamond with an inferred Cr-diopside inclusion, and found similar abundances of several elements (Table 2). Erasmus et al (1977) concluded that these trace elements reside in submicroscopic inclusions of the fluid (sl.) phase from which the diamonds grew.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

1998

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The micro-inclusions located in the genetic centre of Yakutian diamond monocrystals have been studied using optical (anomalous birefringence, photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence) and microanalytical (electron-microprobe, proton-microprobe, scanning electron microscope) methods. Most diamonds nucleated heterogeneously on mineral seeds, that lowered the energy barrier to nucleation. Nucleation of peridotitic diamonds occurred on a matrix of graphite+iron+wüstite, in an environment dominated by forsteritic olivine and Fe-Ni sulfide. Nucleation of eclogitic diamonds occurred on a matrix of sulfide ± iron in an environment dominated by Fe-sulfide and omphacite (±-K-Na-Al-Si-melt). The mineral assemblages recorded in the central inclusions of Yakutian diamonds indicate that they grew in a reduced environment, with oxygen fugacity controlled by the iron-wüstite equilibrium. Nucleation of diamond occurred in the presence of a fluid, possibly a volatile-rich silicate melt, highly enriched in LIL (K, Ba, Rb, Sr) and HFSE (Nb, Ti, Zr) elements. This fluid also carried immiscible Fe-Ni-sulfide melts, and possibly a carbonatitic component; the introduction of this fluid into a reduced refractory environment may have been accompanied by a thermal pulse, and may have created the conditions necessary for the nucleation and growth of diamond.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

1998

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“…They further note that studies of impurities have taken place since the same time when Fesq et al. (1973) and Erasmus et al. (1977) used Instrumental Neuron Activation Analysis (INAA) to measure major, minor and trace element impurities in diamonds.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1977) used Instrumental Neuron Activation Analysis (INAA) to measure major, minor and trace element impurities in diamonds. Erasmus et al. (1977) discussed chemical content application for source discrimination, and found that some source discrimination was possible.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond fingerprinting for source discrimination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR)

Brill

Lilimu

Chetty

2020

Heliyon

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The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was established in 2000 as a means of controlling the flow of conflict diamonds, mostly, from the African continent. In 2013, the KPCS imposed an embargo on diamonds from the Central African Republic (CAR). Since then the embargo has been lifted in certain prefectures of the country, however, smuggling is suspected from non-compliant areas. Three parcels of diamonds suspected to have mining origins in the CAR, were analysed. These diamonds were investigated for their morphological and chemical characteristics, to establish a diamond fingerprint and to determine if these diamonds had the same fingerprint as previously analysed diamonds from CAR or the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The analyses of these diamonds were included in the already established diamond database of rough diamonds from the African continent. The morphological characteristics identified included the mass (ct), colour, surface coatings, dominant, secondary and tertiary form, shape, breakage, inclusions, abrasion and surface features that are specific to octahedral, dodecahedral and cubic shapes. The morphological characteristics determined from the diamonds revealed that morphology alone cannot be used as a discriminatory method for diamond fingerprinting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the nitrogen concentration and aggregation state of that N. This allowed for the typing of the diamonds as Type I (containing N) and Type II (containing no measureable N). The concentration of N in the three parcels is less than 600 ppm. Further classification of Type I diamonds was performed according to the N aggregation state as single, double or four-fold. The vast majority of diamonds show a combination of nitrogen aggregation states while few were classified as Type II. Fourier transform IR showed no discernible trends between the current study and the established database. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used as a means of determining the trace element concentrations of 69 Ga, 88 Sr, 89 Y, 90 Zr, 93 Nb, 133 Cs, 137 Ba, 139 La, 140 Ce, 141 Pr, 146 Nd, 147 Sm, 153 Eu, 157 Gd, 159 Tb, 163 Dy, 165 Ho, 166 Er, 169 Tm, 172 Yb, 175 Lu, 178 Hf, 181 Ta, 232 Th and 238 U. Laser ablation ICP-MS determined that not all elements produce statistically viable data, however, the data could still be used to discern trace element d...

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“…Raal (4) used a ''quantitative'' spectroscopic technique to assess trace element impurities in rough diamonds and reported the presence of Si, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, and Cu with the two last elements being linked to the color of some diamonds. A few decades later, a series of studies investigated trace element impurities in rough diamonds for source discrimination using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA; [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]). Sellschop (12, table 4.1) presented a good overall summary of the different trace elements detected in rough diamonds with their range of concentrations mainly defined by those earliest INAA studies noted earlier.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*^,†

Dalpé

Hudon

Ballantyne

et al. 2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Current profiling of rough diamond source is performed using different physical and/or morphological techniques that require strong knowledge and experience in the field. More recently, chemical impurities have been used to discriminate diamond source and with the advance of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) empirical profiling of rough diamonds is possible to some extent. In this study, we present a LA-ICP-MS methodology that we developed for analyzing ultra-trace element impurities in rough diamond for origin determination ("profiling"). Diamonds from two sources were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS and were statistically classified by accepted methods. For the two diamond populations analyzed in this study, binomial logistic regression produced a better overall correct classification than linear discriminant analysis. The results suggest that an anticipated matrix match reference material would improve the robustness of our methodology for forensic applications.

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Natural diamonds—Major, minor and trace impurities in relation to source and physical properties

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

Diamond fingerprinting for source discrimination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR)

Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*^,†

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Natural diamonds—Major, minor and trace impurities in relation to source and physical properties

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

Nucleation environment of diamonds from Yakutian kimberlites

Diamond fingerprinting for source discrimination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR)

Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*,†

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Product

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Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*^,†