Natural Convection of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid in a Differential-Heated Enclosure with Non-Uniform Heating Wall

Abstract

In the field of convective energy transfer, natural convection is one of the most studied phenomena, with applications ranging from heat exchangers and geothermal energy systems to hybrid nanofluids. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the free convection of a ternary hybrid nanosuspension (Al2O3-Ag-CuO/water ternary hybrid nanofluid) in an enclosure with a linearly warming side border. The ternary hybrid nanosuspension motion and energy transfer have been modelled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with appropriate boundary conditions by the single-phase nanofluid model with the Boussinesq approximation. The finite element approach is applied to resolve the control PDEs after transforming them into a dimensionless view. The impact of significant characteristics such as the nanoparticles’ volume fraction, Rayleigh number, and linearly heating temperature constant on the flow and thermal patterns combined with the Nusselt number has been investigated and analyzed using streamlines, isotherms, and other suitable patterns. The performed analysis has shown that the addition of a third kind of nanomaterial allows for intensifying the energy transport within the closed cavity. The transition between uniform heating to non-uniform heating of the left vertical wall characterizes the heat transfer degradation due to a reduction of the heat energy output from this heated wall.

Exact Solutions of the Oberbeck–Boussinesq Equations for the Description of Shear Thermal Diffusion of Newtonian Fluid Flows

“…First, the isolated equation of system (23) for the velocity V is integrated. A seventhorder polynomial is obtained, further substitution of which into the first equation of system (24) (presented below) makes it possible to determine the form of the velocity U as a tenth-order polynomial.…”

“…It should be noted that the thermal and concentration mechanisms of convection generation are fundamentally different physically. Mathematically speaking, the Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations for thermal convection and concentration convection differ only in dissipative coefficients in the heat conduction equation and in the diffusion equation, respectively [14,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. These coefficients differ from each other by several orders of magnitude; therefore, one should expect differences in the structure and evolution of thermal and thermal solution flows.…”

Impact of non-uniform heat flux conditions on convective heat transfer and energy efficiency in a corrugated tube

“…Moreover, Bhowmick and Randive [ 33 ] determined that the optimal parameters for maximizing heat transfer and minimizing entropy in a porous wavy channel with non-uniform wall heat flux were 5 mm wavelength and 180° phase angle. Apart from the discussed literature, Faizan et al [ 34 , 35 ] and Rajesh et al [ 36 ] also investigated the impact of NUHF in controlling the heat transfer rate in thermal equipment. These studies demonstrated significant advantages in controlling the heat transfer rate by employing NUHF conditions.…”

Analysis of thermsolutal performance and entropy generation for ternary hybrid nanofluid in a partially heated wavy porous cabinet

“…Moreover, it was found that the movement of the hot baffles improved the fluid mixing and resulted in a more effective cooling performance. Rajesh and Sheremet (2023) simulated the natural convection of ternary hybrid nanosuspensions in a cavity with linearly warming side borders. Their analysis highlights that the addition of a third kind of nanomaterial allows for intensifying the energy transport inside the closed chamber.…”