Numerical studies of combined free and forced convection through a seven-rod bundle in a circular shell in the horizontal con®guration are reported in the paper. Each of the six peripheral circular rods has been modelled by an equivalent curved trapezium. The model has been veri®ed to corroborate experimentally measured transport rate values. Buoyancy induces secondary motions in the transverse direction over the forced axial¯ow. The secondary velocities reduce the through-¯ow rate at a given impressed pressure gradient. The friction factor is consequently increased. The change in fRe is perceptible for Gr de®ned on the rod radius more than approximately 10 3 , whereas Nu increases monotonically with Gr. 7