“…In the Okavango catchment, for instance, there is a current, pressing need to understand the impacts of climate change, land use changes and water resource developments (e.g., dams, weirs, extensive extraction) in Angola, Namibia and Botswana on total annual flow volumes, seasonal flow variability, water quality, and sediment and nutrient loads in the Delta (Government of Denmark and Republic of Botswana, 2006;Kgathi et al, 2006;Pr€ opper & Gr€ ongr€ oft, 2015). These natural and human drivers, operating in large part at the catchment and landscape unit scales, influence the reach, site and geomorphic unit scale relationships between flow, sediment, vegetation and other biota that underpin the ecological diversity and other ecosystem services in the Delta (Hamandawana & Chanda, 2010;Jansen & Madzwamuse, 2003;Mendelsohn et al, 2010). Analyses by Andersson et al (2006) and Pr€ opper and Gr€ ongr€ oft (2015) of the impacts of climate change and development scenarios on the Okavango catchment indicate that in the long term, climate change will considerably reduce mean annual flow and increase flow variability, but in the short to medium term, the impacts of potential increases in irrigated agriculture, hydropower dam building and flow diversion are likely to be much more marked.…”