Natural and drinking water quality in Erbil, Kurdistan

Shareef, Kafia M.; Muhamad, Sulaiman G.

doi:10.12944/cwe.3.2.04

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Erbil region is the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan with around one million population and arranged in the upper east of Iraq. Its limits reached out from longitude 43° 15ˋ E to 45° 14ˋ E and from scope 35° 27ˋ N to 37° 24ˋ N (Goran, 2006, Shareef andMuhamad, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Ground water Quality for Drinking purpose in the Shaqlawa Area, Erbil-KRI

2021

ZJPAS

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Physical, chemical and biological properties of some artesian wells in Shaqlawa area were done, through collecting water samples for 12 artesian wells seasonally (Spring, summer, autumn and winter) during 2016, which distributed in Shaqlawa, Harir and Permam area. In ground water samples of study areas, electric conductivity was range between 252-2300 µS/cm, with mean values for all 12 wells were range between 474.8-1575.5 and overall mean was 689.3.The pH of study samples is neutral or around neutrality and ranged between 7.0 and 8.4 With mean values ranged between 7.2-8.2 and the overall mean 7.6 and standard deviation of 0.4 and agreed with WHO guidelines for drinking water purpose. Sodium and potassium levels were ranged from 1 to 310 and 0.1 to 8.18 mg/L. Turbidity is one of the parameters for the acceptability of drinking water quality. WHO, guidelines for turbidity is < 5 NTU. The overall mean value of total alkalinity in studied water samples was 278.5 mg CaCO 3 /L. The levels of sulfate in groundwater samples of the study area ranged between 11.8 to 314 mg/L. The overall mean and STDEV is 72.7 and 71.6 respectively. . Concentration of total hardness in the studied area were ranged between 160 and 560 mg CaCO 3 /L. Furthermore, calcium dominated magnesium in studied well water. Nitrate levels in groundwater samples were low. Microbiological analysis of studied water samples was zero, except in two samples. Water quality index or studied parameters in groundwater samples were excellent.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Ground water Quality for Drinking purpose in the Shaqlawa Area, Erbil-KRI

2021

ZJPAS

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“…Currently, the population is estimated to be 1365000 persons and is rapidly developing with annual growth rate of 3.5% (Erbil CSO). Its boundaries extended from longitude 43° 15¯ E to 45° 14¯ E and from latitude 35° 27¯ N to 37° 24¯ N (Shareef and Muhamad, 2008). Erbil city is currently served by two main types of water resources, groundwater and surface water.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kurdistan Region in Iraq (KRI) has rapid growth in population. Effective management of water resources through legislative control on water quality is currently being restricted by a lack of national water quality guidelines (Shareef and Muhamad, 2008). Erbil City is currently served by two water resources; groundwater and surface water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Water Quality and the Efficiency of Ifraz-2 Water treatment plant-Units

Omar

2019

JUOR

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‫گ‬ ‫ۆڤ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ی‬ ‫زانك‬ ‫ۆی‬ ‫راپ‬ ‫ەڕی‬ ‫ن‬ Abstract:Water treatment plant (WTP) is essential for providing clean and safe water to the habitants. There is a necessity to evaluate the performance of (WTP) for proper treatment of raw water. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of treated water by investigating the performance of Ifraz-2 (WTP) units located in Erbil City, Iraq. For assessment of the (WTP) units, samples were taken for a duration of five months from different locations: raw water (the source), post-clarification processes, post-filtration processes, and from the storage tank. Removal efficiencies for the units, and for the whole (WTP) were calculated and presented. Obtained removal efficiencies for the sedimentation unit; filtration unit; and the entire Ifraz-2 (WTP) were 91.51 %, 64.71 %, and 97.29 %, respectively. After the process of disinfection and storage, the valued of the turbidity of the treated water were ranged from 1.2 to 9.7 (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) NTU.Besides, water quality index (WQI) for the (WTP) was studied and calculated for 14 physicochemical water quality parameters. WQI for Ifraz-2 (WTP) was 51.87 and it is regarded as a good level. Also, operational problems have been detected and reported during the research period, especially during sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Suitable solutions have been reported to the operational team. Journal of University of Raparin‫گ‬ ‫ۆڤ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ی‬ ‫زانك‬ ‫ۆی‬ ‫راپ‬ ‫ەڕی‬ ‫ن‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ۆڤ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ی‬ ‫زانك‬ ‫ۆی‬ ‫راپ‬ ‫ەڕی‬ ‫ن‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ۆڤ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ی‬ ‫زانك‬ ‫ۆی‬ ‫راپ‬ ‫ەڕی‬ ‫ن‬

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“…The Great Zab River catchment represents one of the largest catchments in the Kurdistan Region, covering an area of approximately 40,643 km 2 , and surface waters in the catchment provide water supply to a population of 1.8 million. Effective management of water resources through legislative control on water quality is currently being restricted by a lack of national water quality guidelines (Shareef and Muhamad 2008). Whilst there has been some study of water quality in particular parts of the catchment (e.g.…”

Section: Page 2 Of 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whilst there has been some study of water quality in particular parts of the catchment (e.g. Abdulwahid 2013;Shareef et al 2009;Shareef and Muhamad 2008;Toma 2011a, b), there has been no attempt to establish baseline water chemistry and define background concentrations that may act as a means of evaluating water quality, and which may form the basis for the development of appropriate legislative guidelines.…”

Section: Page 2 Of 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of background water quality conditions in the Great Zab River catchment: influence of geogenic and anthropogenic controls on developing a baseline for water quality assessment and resource management

et al. 2018

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The Great Zab River catchment is a major left-bank tributary of the River Tigris and drains a substantial part of the Kurdistan Region, an autonomous region of Northern Iraq. Within Kurdistan, the water resources of the Great Zab River catchment are under pressure from population increase and are utilized for potable, domestic and agricultural and industrial supply. As with many parts of the world, effective management of water resources within Kurdistan is hindered by a lack of water quality data and established background concentrations. This study therefore represents the first regional survey of river water chemistry for the Great Zab River catchment and presents data on the spatial and temporal trends in concentrations of As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , F − , Cl − and PO 4 3− , in addition to pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. As a tool for underpinning the management and monitoring of water quality, background concentrations were defined for the Great Zab catchment using three methods. The influences of geogenic and anthropogenic controls upon spatial and temporal trends in water chemistry are also evaluated. The influence of geogenic loading from underlying bedrock was identifiable within the observed spatial trends, with the most notable differences found between waters sampled from the relatively more volcanic-rich Zagros zone to the north and those sampled from the lower catchment underlain by younger clay-, sand-and siltstones. The greatest anthropogenic influence, identifiable through elements such as Cl − and NO 3 − , is present in the more highly populated lower catchment. The background concentrations identified in the Great Zab catchment would be those expected as a result of geogenic loading with some anthropogenic influence and represent a more conservative value when compared to those such as the World Health Organization Maximum Admissible Concentration. However, background concentrations represent a powerful tool for identifying potential anthropogenic impacts on water quality and informing management of such occurrences.

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Natural and drinking water quality in Erbil, Kurdistan

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Assessment of Ground water Quality for Drinking purpose in the Shaqlawa Area, Erbil-KRI

Assessment of Ground water Quality for Drinking purpose in the Shaqlawa Area, Erbil-KRI

Evaluation of Water Quality and the Efficiency of Ifraz-2 Water treatment plant-Units

Establishment of background water quality conditions in the Great Zab River catchment: influence of geogenic and anthropogenic controls on developing a baseline for water quality assessment and resource management

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