“…This phenomenon is all the more accentuated by storm events and swells, which degrade archaeological sites, or, in some cases, the rocky substrates on which sites and historic buildings have been built (Figure 2). The result is coastal erosion, affecting a variety of geological substrates along the Moroccan littoral (Trakadas 2023). Figure 2.In Safi on the Atlantic coast, the Portuguese ‘Chateau du Mer’ (white box) is being impacted by coastal erosion (Photo: A. Karra).…”
Section: Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This situation is even more accentuated by the development plans for coastal tourism launched by the national government, from the well-known Azure Vision 2010 Plan to that of Vision 2020, which have given rise to several projects. These include tourist attractions on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco consisting of luxury hotels, residences and marinas (Trakadas 2012b; 2023). Despite the positive impact of these projects on the country's sustainable economic development, they constitute a real challenge for all forms of the country's MCH.…”
Section: Legal Framework and Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, experience over the course of working in the Oued Loukkos and Oued Bouregreg made it clear that the main challenge for the management and protection of cultural resources in Morocco is filling in the existing knowledge gaps. Some studies that might include relevant data are outdated, whilst more recent studies that aim to establish a much-needed baseline assessment of how natural and anthropogenic factors impact tangible maritime cultural heritage resources remain general (Trakadas 2023; Trakadas and Mhammdi 2018; Trakadas et al 2018). More quantitative data are required for enacting impactful local and site-specific mitigative actions.…”
Section: Mitigation Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite the distribution of sites in Morocco along the present coast and lower river courses, the country's maritime past has been relatively under-investigated compared with some African and Mediterranean countries (Trakadas 2023). However, within the last two decades, underwater and coastal archaeological surveys and excavations have taken place, revealing the types and extent of the cultural heritage.…”
Archaeological research conducted in Morocco over the last two decades has revealed a wealth of diachronic maritime cultural heritage resources, under water and in the coastal zone. However, observation and study has revealed that natural and anthropogenic threats are impacting these resources. Given the challenges to managing maritime cultural heritage (MCH) resources in a country with such an extensive coastline and limited human managerial resources, the national heritage agency and external research institutions have developed methodologies that in part aim at mitigating these threats. This development is illustrated through three projects, briefly outlined here: the Oued Loukkos Survey, the CBDAMM Project and the MarEA Project. These projects incorporate approaches that have been tailored to the Moroccan context, considering the type of resources, the extent of the coastline, types of threats, legislation, and people and institutions involved. In conclusion, this article stresses that an interdisciplinary methodological approach to documentation is necessary in order to inform successful mitigation strategies and to plan for future interventions of MCH.
“…This phenomenon is all the more accentuated by storm events and swells, which degrade archaeological sites, or, in some cases, the rocky substrates on which sites and historic buildings have been built (Figure 2). The result is coastal erosion, affecting a variety of geological substrates along the Moroccan littoral (Trakadas 2023). Figure 2.In Safi on the Atlantic coast, the Portuguese ‘Chateau du Mer’ (white box) is being impacted by coastal erosion (Photo: A. Karra).…”
Section: Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This situation is even more accentuated by the development plans for coastal tourism launched by the national government, from the well-known Azure Vision 2010 Plan to that of Vision 2020, which have given rise to several projects. These include tourist attractions on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco consisting of luxury hotels, residences and marinas (Trakadas 2012b; 2023). Despite the positive impact of these projects on the country's sustainable economic development, they constitute a real challenge for all forms of the country's MCH.…”
Section: Legal Framework and Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, experience over the course of working in the Oued Loukkos and Oued Bouregreg made it clear that the main challenge for the management and protection of cultural resources in Morocco is filling in the existing knowledge gaps. Some studies that might include relevant data are outdated, whilst more recent studies that aim to establish a much-needed baseline assessment of how natural and anthropogenic factors impact tangible maritime cultural heritage resources remain general (Trakadas 2023; Trakadas and Mhammdi 2018; Trakadas et al 2018). More quantitative data are required for enacting impactful local and site-specific mitigative actions.…”
Section: Mitigation Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite the distribution of sites in Morocco along the present coast and lower river courses, the country's maritime past has been relatively under-investigated compared with some African and Mediterranean countries (Trakadas 2023). However, within the last two decades, underwater and coastal archaeological surveys and excavations have taken place, revealing the types and extent of the cultural heritage.…”
Archaeological research conducted in Morocco over the last two decades has revealed a wealth of diachronic maritime cultural heritage resources, under water and in the coastal zone. However, observation and study has revealed that natural and anthropogenic threats are impacting these resources. Given the challenges to managing maritime cultural heritage (MCH) resources in a country with such an extensive coastline and limited human managerial resources, the national heritage agency and external research institutions have developed methodologies that in part aim at mitigating these threats. This development is illustrated through three projects, briefly outlined here: the Oued Loukkos Survey, the CBDAMM Project and the MarEA Project. These projects incorporate approaches that have been tailored to the Moroccan context, considering the type of resources, the extent of the coastline, types of threats, legislation, and people and institutions involved. In conclusion, this article stresses that an interdisciplinary methodological approach to documentation is necessary in order to inform successful mitigation strategies and to plan for future interventions of MCH.
“…Because of the blocking of sediment transport, structures further upstream can cause or accelerate erosion of downstream coastlines. Although the 2010 expansion of the commercial port Tanger-Med in northern Morocco included an environmental impact assessment (EIA) with a desk-based assessment of known archeological sites, the port's presence has affected the coastline at the nearby archeological site of Ksar es-Seghir (Trakadas 2020). In addition, there is a lack of environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) regarding coastal erosion in the region.…”
Section: Overview Of Coastal Erosion Drivers In the Middle East And N...mentioning
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