Natural Acquisition of Immunity to Plasmodium vivax

Müeller, Ivo; Galinski, Mary R.; Tsuboi, Takafumi; Arévalo‐Herrera, Myriam; Collins, William E.; King, Christopher L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407826-0.00003-5

Cited by 83 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 328 publications

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“…The age and immunity of the patients would perhaps not be representative of relapse as it would occur among residents of the strain region of origin. This could be important because the children in many endemic settings likely carry the greatest burden of relapsing infections [82]. Some experimental challenge subjects were inoculated with relatively heavy sporozoite dosages, a factor that greatly influences the time from primary attack to relapse [47] and is likely to differ from relapses following more modest numbers of sporozoites acquired from wild anophelines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapse

Battle

Karhunen

Bhatt

et al. 2014

Malar J

240

245

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BackgroundPlasmodium vivax has the widest geographic distribution of the human malaria parasites and nearly 2.5 billion people live at risk of infection. The control of P. vivax in individuals and populations is complicated by its ability to relapse weeks to months after initial infection. Strains of P. vivax from different geographical areas are thought to exhibit varied relapse timings. In tropical regions strains relapse quickly (three to six weeks), whereas those in temperate regions do so more slowly (six to twelve months), but no comprehensive assessment of evidence has been conducted. Here observed patterns of relapse periodicity are used to generate predictions of relapse incidence within geographic regions representative of varying parasite transmission.MethodsA global review of reports of P. vivax relapse in patients not treated with a radical cure was conducted. Records of time to first P. vivax relapse were positioned by geographic origin relative to expert opinion regions of relapse behaviour and epidemiological zones. Mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine which geographic classification best described the data, such that a description of the pattern of relapse periodicity within each region could be described. Model outputs of incidence and mean time to relapse were mapped to illustrate the global variation in relapse.ResultsDifferences in relapse periodicity were best described by a historical geographic classification system used to describe malaria transmission zones based on areas sharing zoological and ecological features. Maps of incidence and time to relapse showed high relapse frequency to be predominant in tropical regions and prolonged relapse in temperate areas.ConclusionsThe results indicate that relapse periodicity varies systematically by geographic region and are categorized by nine global regions characterized by similar malaria transmission dynamics. This indicates that relapse may be an adaptation evolved to exploit seasonal changes in vector survival and therefore optimize transmission. Geographic patterns in P. vivax relapse are important to clinicians treating individual infections, epidemiologists trying to infer P. vivax burden, and public health officials trying to control and eliminate the disease in human populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapse

Battle

Karhunen

Bhatt

et al. 2014

Malar J

240

245

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Perhaps due to frequent relapse, most studies show that immunity to P. vivax is typically acquired earlier in life than P. falciparum in settings where the species are co-endemic [76]. It follows that asymptomatic P. vivax infection is relatively common even in low transmission settings [4].…”

Section: The Asymptomatic Reservoir Is Heterogeneous In Terms Of Persmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence?

Lin¹,

Saunders²,

Meshnick³

2014

Trends in Parasitology

206

218

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Achieving malaria elimination requires targeting the human reservoir of infection, including those with asymptomatic infection. Smear-positive asymptomatic infections detectable by microscopy are an important reservoir because they often persist for months and harbor gametocytes, the parasite stage infectious to mosquitoes. However, many asymptomatic infections are submicroscopic and can only be detected by molecular methods. While there is some evidence that persons with submicroscopic malaria can infect mosquitoes, transmission is much less likely to occur at submicroscopic gametocyte levels. As malaria elimination programs pursue mass screening and treatment of asymptomatic individuals, further research should strive to define the degree to which submicroscopic malaria contributes to the infectious reservoir, and in turn, what diagnostic detection threshold is needed to effectively interrupt transmission.

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“…Due to length restrictions we focus our discussion on P. falciparum malaria although another Plasmodium species, P. vivax , is an important pathogen outside of Africa and we refer the reader to an excellent review of the acquisition of immunity to this parasite (4). At present we do not have a malaria vaccine (5) or adjunctive therapies to treat severe disease (6) nor adequate vector control strategies (7) that would decrease disease and death and aid eradication efforts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease

Crompton

Moebius

Portugal

et al. 2014

Annu. Rev. Immunol.

254

232

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Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the obligate intracellular Apicomplexa family, the most deadly of which, Plasmodium falciparum, prevails in Africa. Malaria imposes a huge health burden on the world’s most vulnerable populations, claiming the lives of nearly a million children and pregnant women each year in Africa alone. Although there is keen interest in eradicating malaria, we do not yet have the necessary tools to meet this challenge, including an effective malaria vaccine and adequate vector control strategies. Here we review what is known about the mechanisms at play in immune resistance to malaria in both the human and mosquito hosts at each step in the parasite’s complex life cycle with a view towards developing the tools that will contribute to the prevention of disease and death and ultimately the goal of malaria eradication. In so doing we hope to inspire immunologists to participate in defeating this devastating disease.

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Natural Acquisition of Immunity to Plasmodium vivax

Cited by 83 publications

References 328 publications

Geographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapse

Geographical variation in Plasmodium vivax relapse

The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence?

Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease

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