National survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman

Al-Mawali, Adhra; D’Elia, Lanfranco; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Morsi, Magdi; Al-Shekaili, Waleed; Pinto, Avinash Daniel; Al-Kharusi, Hilal; Al-Balushi, Zainab; Idikula, John; Al-Harrasi, Ayaman; Cappuccio, Francesco P.

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037012

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Spot urine samples were collected from the participants who were asked to collect a sample in the evening before fasting, which was brought to the appointment for blood testing the next morning. Sodium levels in the urine samples were determined using an ion-selective electrode with Abbott Architect c8000 & Roche Cobas 6000 analysers [ 12 ]. Quality control measures were taken by each of the health centre laboratories’ analysers to ensure accurate results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS survey 2017

et al. 2021

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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCD) represent a major public health issue and currently cause 185.75 deaths per 100,000 population in Oman. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive, up-to-date and internationally comparable data on NCD risk factors in order to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing public health policies and to develop further NCD prevention and control interventions. The aim of the study was to provide evidence-based, up-to-date, extensive, and reliable baseline data on the behavioural and biological risk factors of NCDs in the Sultanate of Oman. Methods A cross‐sectional, prospective, observational community‐based survey designed to be nationally representative of the Sultanate of Oman was conducted based on the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS). Multi-stage stratified random sampling according to geographical distribution selected a total of 9053 households (Omani nationals and non-Omani residents). Cluster sampling was used to randomly select equal clusters from each governorate. 823 households were randomly selected from the list of all households in all selected clusters from each governorate and one eligible adult selected from each household randomly accounting for 6582 consenting participants. The survey used demographic and behavioural information questionnaires along with physical and biochemical measurements among adults aged 18 years and above. Results The prevalence of behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use was 9%, alcohol consumption was 2%, insufficient fruit or vegetable intake was 61%, and insufficient physical activity was 39%. The prevalence of biological risk factors such as overweight and obesity was 66%, raised blood pressure was 33%, raised blood glucose was 16%, and raised blood cholesterol was 36%. The prevalence of multiple risk factors was also determined and 95% of the population were found to have more than one risk factor. Three or more risk factors were found among 33% of population aged 18 years and above and 45% of the population aged 45 years and above. Conclusion A high prevalence of various NCD risk factors was found which needs to be addressed through health promotion, education, and policy. The findings are important to support the formulation and implementation of NCD-related policies and action plans that improve health status and prevent mortality due to NCDs in Oman.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS survey 2017

et al. 2021

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“…Our study found that the median daily salt intake was 10.5(7.3-15.1) gm/day which was similar to the previous reports and is similar to that from other countries in the Arabian gulf region. 19,22 The median salt intake of women in our study is higher than that of the men. This is contrary to many other studies which found the salt intake in males to be more than females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…26 Awareness regarding the dangers of salt intake in our study was high, as reflected in other recent studies from the region. 22,27 However this did not translate into actual reductions in the amount of salt consumed. We found that the youngest age group (18-28 years) had the lowest salt intake compared to other two groups, although on the practices questionnaire, they were less likely than the older group to take actions to reduce salt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Salt Intake and its Relation to Knowledge and Attitude Regarding the Dangers of High Salt Intake Among an Urban Omani Population

Shaikh

Al-Khayari

Al-Abdulsalam

et al. 2022

Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J

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Objectives: High salt consumption is a major risk factor for hypertension. Studies have shown dietary salt intake to be high in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to assess the daily salt consumption by the urban population in Oman and to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards dietary salt. Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted between September to December 2017 in Muscat. We used previously validated questionnaires to assess salt intake and the knowledge and attitudes to salt intake. Results: 345 responses were received out of 500 distributed questionnaires (response rate 69%) of which 300 responses (27.88 + 7.9 years, 53.3% male) were included for analysis. 94% of the participants agreed that lowering salt in diet is important and nearly half the participants said that they were taking measures to reduce salt intake. However, the median salt intake was high at 10.5(7.3-15.1) gm salt/day. 90% of those questioned consume more than the maximum recommended amount of salt per day. Salt intake was significantly higher in females and older age group (>40 years of age), There did not appear to be any correlation between awareness of the dangers of salt intake and the amount consumed. Conclusion: The salt intake in our sampled population in Oman is high and does not depend on knowledge. Strategies should be designed to reduce salt intake by health education and increasing knowledge about complications of high salt intake among the urban population. Keywords: dietaray sodium chloride; knowledge attitudes and practices.

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“…As the habitual potassium intake in most countries worldwide is low [ 6 , 40 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], an average increase of approximately 40% per day (as found in our meta-analysis) would lead to the achievement of the target of approximately ~4500 mg/day (~90 mmol/day of urinary excretion). Notably, these results also suggest a better effect of potassium supplementation at lower salt intake and, considering the high salt consumption in most countries in the world [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 ], also an associated low salt diet would lead to a reduction of the risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effect of Potassium Supplementation on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies

D’Elia¹,

Cappuccio

Fata³

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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(1) Background: Endothelial dysfunction is an early predictor of cardiovascular diseases. Although a large body of evidence shows an inverse association between potassium intake and cardiovascular risk, the studies on endothelial function provided contrasting results. Thus, we carried out a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the available intervention studies of the potassium supplementation on endothelial function. (2) Methods: A systematic search of the online databases available (up to December 2022) was conducted including the intervention trials that reported flow-mediated dilation (FMD) changes—a non-invasive method of assessing endothelial function—after two different potassium intake regimens. For each study, the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random effect model. (3) Results: Five studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria and provided eight cohorts with 332 participants. In the pooled analysis, potassium supplementation was associated with a significant increase in FMD (MD: 0.74%), with a higher effect for a urinary potassium excretion higher than 90 mmol/day. There was a moderate heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 59%), explained by the different amount of potassium supplementation. (4) Conclusions: The results of our meta-analysis indicate that dietary potassium supplement improves endothelial function. This effect is directly associated with the amount of potassium supplement. The findings support the campaigns in favour of an increase in dietary potassium intake to reduce cardiovascular risk.

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National survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS survey 2017

Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS survey 2017

Estimation of Salt Intake and its Relation to Knowledge and Attitude Regarding the Dangers of High Salt Intake Among an Urban Omani Population

Effect of Potassium Supplementation on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies

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