National Study of Exposure to Pesticides among Professional Applicators: An Investigation Based on Urinary Biomarkers

Harris, Shelley A.; Villeneuve, Paul J.; Crawley, Charlene D.; Mays, James E.; Yeary, Roger A.; Hurto, K. A.; Meeker, John D.

doi:10.1021/jf101209g

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Similar to our study, when samples were spread over time (2 weeks to 1 year), ICCs were low (0.02–0.3), indicating a strong contribution of within-person variability (Griffith et al 2011; Harris et al 2010; Meeker et al 2005; Sexton and Ryan 2012; Whyatt et al 2009). These low ICCs were observed across different exposure scenarios: occupational parental exposure, residence in proximity to agricultural fields, and urban and suburban general population level exposure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Within- and Between-Child Variation in Repeated Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Measurements over a 1-Year Period

Attfield

Hughes²,

Spengler³

et al. 2014

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Children are exposed to pesticides from many sources and routes, including dietary and incidental ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation. Linking health outcomes to these exposures using urinary metabolites requires understanding temporal variability within subjects to avoid exposure misclassification.Objectives: We characterized the within- and between-child variability of urinary organophosphorus and pyrethroid metabolites in 23 participants of the Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study–Washington over 1 year and examined the ability of one to four spot urine samples to categorize mean exposures.Methods: Each child provided urine samples twice daily over 7- to 16-day sessions in four seasons in 2003 and 2004. Samples were analyzed for five pyrethroid and five organophosphorus (OP) metabolites. After adjusting for specific gravity, we used a customized maximum likelihood estimation linear mixed-effects model that accounted for values below the limit of detection to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and conducted surrogate category analyses.Results: Within-child variability was 2–11 times greater than between-child variability. When restricted to samples collected during a single season, ICCs were higher in the fall, winter, and spring than in summer for OPs, and higher in summer and winter for pyrethroids, indicating an increase in between-person variability relative to within-person variability during these seasons. Surrogate category analyses demonstrated that a single spot urine sample did not categorize metabolite concentrations well, and that four or more samples would be needed to categorize children into quartiles consistently.Conclusions: Urinary biomarkers of these short half-life pesticides exhibited substantial within-person variability in children observed over four seasons. Researchers investigating pesticides and health outcomes in children may need repeated biomarker measurements to derive accurate estimates of exposure and relative risks.Citation: Attfield KR, Hughes MD, Spengler JD, Lu C. 2014. Within- and between-child variation in repeated urinary pesticide metabolite measurements over a 1-year period. Environ Health Perspect 122:201–206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306737

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Within- and Between-Child Variation in Repeated Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Measurements over a 1-Year Period

Attfield

Hughes²,

Spengler³

et al. 2014

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Several studies reported that oxidative stress caused by testicular tissue and lymphocyte in semen will impair sperm parameters [24], [27], suggesting that owing to lack of lymphocytes around, “swim-up” mouse spermatozoa in our study are more resist to the exposure of nicotine than human spermatozoa in semen. Human exposure to neonicotinoids is very limited (12.8–350 ng/ml in the urine of farm workers, with or without protection) [28], [29], our study indicated that, at exposure levels, IMI and ACE do not show adverse effects on mouse sperm functions and early embryo development in vitro (data not shown). However, recent animal studies showed that IMI and ACE could cause oxidative stress in body [5], [26], and even chronic exposure of IMI with a low concentration could result in oxidative stress in tissues [30], which warned that low level of neonicotinoid exposure in a long period may also exert impacts on reproduction of human, especially for professional populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Reproductive Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Mouse Sperm Function and Early Embryonic Development In Vitro

Huang

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacloprid (IMI) are two major members in the family of neonicotinoid pesticides, which are synthesized with a higher selectivity to insects. The present study determined and compared in vitro effects of ACE, IMI and nicotine on mammalian reproduction by using an integrated testing strategy for reproductive toxicology, which covered sperm quality, sperm penetration into oocytes and preimplantation embryonic development. Direct chemical exposure (500 µM or 5 mM) on spermatozoa during capacitation was performed, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) process, zygotes and 2-cell embryos were respectively incubated with chemical-supplemented medium until blastocyst formation to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of these chemicals and monitor the stages mainly affected. Generally, treatment of 500 µM or 5 mM chemicals for 30 min did not change sperm motility and DNA integrity significantly but the fertilization ability in in vitro fertilization (IVF) process, indicating that IVF process could detect and distinguish subtle effect of spermatozoa exposed to different chemicals. Culture experiment in the presence of chemicals in medium showed that fertilization process and zygotes are adversely affected by direct exposure of chemicals (P<0.05), in an order of nicotine>IMI>ACE, whereas developmental progression of 2-cell stage embryos was similar to controls (P>0.05). These findings unveiled the hazardous effects of neonicotinoid pesticides exposure on mammalian sperm fertilization ability as well as embryonic development, raising the concerns that neonicotinoid pesticides may pose reproductive risks on human reproductive health, especially in professional populations.

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“…The unprotected turf applicators of liquid 2,4-D had the highest urinary levels reported in a controlled study (Harris et al, 1992). The highest levels in another turf study were observed during the spring season, compared to the summer and fall (Harris et al, 2010). Other exposure studies of professional turf applicators reported internal dose estimates and are not directly comparable to the studies in Table 3 (Harris et al, 2002, 2005).…”

Section: Review Of Urinary Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 93%

Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology

Burns

Swaen

2012

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.

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National Study of Exposure to Pesticides among Professional Applicators: An Investigation Based on Urinary Biomarkers

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

Within- and Between-Child Variation in Repeated Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Measurements over a 1-Year Period

Within- and Between-Child Variation in Repeated Urinary Pesticide Metabolite Measurements over a 1-Year Period

Reproductive Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Mouse Sperm Function and Early Embryonic Development In Vitro

Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology

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