National recommendations to standardise acute kidney injury detection and alerting

Abstract

Background
 National Health Service (NHS) England issued a Patient Safety Alert in 2014 mandating all acute Trusts in England to implement Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) warning stage results and to do so using a standardised algorithm. In 2021, the Renal and Pathology Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT) teams found significant variation in AKI reporting across the UK. A survey was designed to capture information on the entire AKI detection and alerting process to investigate the potential sources of this unwarranted variation.
 Methods
 In August 2021, an online survey consisting of 54 questions was made available to all UK laboratories. The questions covered creatinine assays, laboratory information management systems (LIMS), the AKI algorithm and AKI reporting. 
 Results
 We received 101 responses from laboratories. Data was reviewed for England only — 91 laboratories. Findings included that 72% used enzymatic creatinine. In addition, 7 manufacturer-analytical platforms, 15 different LIMS and a wide range of creatinine reference ranges were in use. In 68% of laboratories, the AKI algorithm was installed by the LIMS provider. Marked variation was found in the minimum age of AKI reporting with only 18% starting at the recommended one month/28-days. Some 89% phoned all new AKI2s and AKI3s, as per AKI guidance while 76% provided comments/hyperlinks in reports.
 Conclusions
 The national survey has identified laboratory practices that potentially contribute to unwarranted variation in the reporting of AKI in the England. This has formed the basis for improvement work to remedy the situation, including national recommendations, included within this article.