National Parks and ICCAs in the High Himalayan Region of Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities

Protected Areas, People and Tourism: Political Ecology of Conservation in Nepal

“…Desk-based review of relevant literatures on PAs, tourism and people was conducted. Primary information was gathered through direct field observations at CNP in 2008, Bardiya National Park (BCP) in 2010, and Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in 2012, 2013. Reflective approach to learning was considered in this study through integration of reflections from informal consultations with PA managers, rangers, foresters and local populations in and around PAs and tourism entrepreneurs.…”

“…(1971-1980s,1981-1990,1991-2000 While PAs are associated with the goal of conservation along with capitalizing benefits and opportunities of tourism, it is important to acknowledge the social impacts of PAs (CBD 2008). In several instances, PAs, in Nepal and worldwide, have been established on the ancestral territories mainly those of indigenous peoples (Stevens 2013) in which they had historical interactions, connections and resource management practices. Landscapes conserved by indigneous peoples and local communites are rich in culture and nature, and also serve as an important attraction for tourist experiences.…”

Reconfiguration of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Everest Tourist Region of Solukhumbu, Nepal

“…Changes in the nexus Before the boom in tourism (Figure 4A), the WEF nexus centered on the use of local resources and on bartering Tibetan salt, wool, and livestock for grain and other products from regions downstream (Fisher 1986;Bishop 1990;Jest 2008;Stevens 2011). The forest played a central role in providing firewood and grazing land for herds.…”

Micro-hydroelectricity Technical Devices and Reconfigurations of a High Mountain Tourist Area (Everest Region, Nepal)

“…La centrale et le moulin qui répondent à des objectifs différents au sein du cycle hydrosocial (produire de l'électricité et moudre du grain) s'appuient ici sur un aménagement commun à l'amont du système hydroénergétique. (Sherpa M. N., 2013 ;Stevens, 2013).…”