National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Industrial Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

Abstract

Water pumped from brackish aquifers with particular focus on inland areas where brine disposal is limiting. Brackish water generally is defined as water with 1-10 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS). Industrial WastewaterWater from various industrial processes that can be reused Municipal WastewaterWastewater treated for reuse through municipal resource recovery treatment plants utilizing advanced treatment processes or decentralized treatment systems Agricultural WastewaterWastewater from tile drainage, tailwater, and other water produced on irrigated croplands as well as wastewater generated during livestock management that can be treated for reuse or disposal Mining WastewaterWastewater from mining operations that can be reused or prepared for disposal Produced WaterWater used for or produced by oil and gas exploration activities (including fracking) that can be reused or prepared for disposal Power and Cooling WastewaterWater used for cooling or as a byproduct of treatment (e.g., flue gas desulfurization) that can be reused or prepared for disposal

Thermochemical data and phase equilibria of halide (Cl−, Br−, I−) containing AFm and hydrotalcite compounds

“…LDH compounds are of interest for anion immobilization in the context of waste management, particularly of liquid wastes 5 . For example, the formation of Friedel's salt during the pozzolanic reaction between fly ash, portlandite, and Cl‐enriched brines was shown to retain a significant fraction of the Cl − in the solids formed 16,17 .…”

“…Cementitious materials based on Portland Cement (PC) present unique advantages for waste immobilization, such as, among others, solid nuclear wastes, [1][2][3][4] or concentrated liquid wastes (brines) produced by industrial operations. 5 Often, PC is blended in the binder fraction of concrete by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to improve properties, including durability, and to reduce the embodied carbon footprint of the concrete binder. As the range of prevalent SCMs expands, so will the types of cementitious hydrates that could form.…”

“…9,[11][12][13][14][15] LDH compounds are of interest for anion immobilization in the context of waste management, particularly of liquid wastes. 5 For example, the formation of Friedel's salt during the pozzolanic reaction between fly ash, portlandite, and Cl-enriched brines was shown to retain a significant fraction of the Cl − in the solids formed. 16,17 As such, LDH phases could be of interest to retain other less common anions (e.g., other halide anions present as salts in brines or as radionuclides in radioactive wastes).…”

Solubility behavior and thermodynamic modeling of sodium monosulfoaluminate (“U‐phase”) in cementitious systems

“…are requiring reductions in the volume of liquid waste produced during industrial operations. [38][39][40][41][42] Liquid concentration steps result in the production of hypersaline solutions that require S&S with a cementitious material before being safely landfilled. [38][39][40][41][42] The concentrated wastewaters used herein can feature high Na 2 SO 4 contents.…”

“…[38][39][40][41][42] Liquid concentration steps result in the production of hypersaline solutions that require S&S with a cementitious material before being safely landfilled. [38][39][40][41][42] The concentrated wastewaters used herein can feature high Na 2 SO 4 contents. It is thus necessary to assess the propensity of the U-phase to form preferentially over other AFm or AFt phases of interest to ensure robust S&S. Furthermore, the U-phase's formation or destabilization has been suggested to damage the cementitious solid due to shrinkage or expansion mechanisms that can result in cracking.…”