Nation‐building, primitivism and manliness: The issue of gymnastics in Sweden around 1800

F. Nachtegall And Gymnastics In Denmark: Ascertainment History In The Educational System

“…The inspiration for the educational reform in Europe, which united the physical and cognitive education of children, was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel «Emile, or On Education». Educational reformers in Germany, inspired by the novel, created schools for different grades of children in the late 18th century called Philanthropinum (Eichberg, 1995;Ljunggren, 1996). In these schools, various outdoor activities including gymnastics were organized as a compulsory part of the school curriculum.…”

“…In 1920-1930, the outstanding Polish scientist Eugeniusz Witold Piasecki wrote about the successful experience of F. Nachtegall in the organization of university physical education ( Piasecki, 1929;Piasecki, 1930). Nonetheless, subsequent publications of the second half of the 20th century covered F. Nachtegall's activities in the field of education mainly in connection with his role in the creation of Europe's first military and civilian gymnastic institute (Boigey, 1932;Kun, 1984;Ljunggren, 1996). In the 1990s Scandinavian scientists studied in more detail aspects of the integration of F. Nachtegall's gymnastics in the school curriculum, emphasizing its influence on the formation of patriotism and Danish national identity (Eichberg, 1993(Eichberg, , 1995Hoffmann, 1993;Trangbaek, 1996a).…”

Education Under the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria: A Content Analysis of the Physical Education Curriculum

“…Previous studies on history of sport or physical education have presented hypotheses and arguments about how and why ISIS could decide to use the education of the bodies. Indeed throughout history, several regimes or even totalitarian regimes have sometimes tried to use sports (in various forms such as competitions, training, Olympic games), and physical education (the academic discipline) as an instrument for nation-building (Ljunggren, 1996), to control and dominate but also to train and discipline subjects according to their ambitions of power (Ljunggren, 1996;Guttmann, 2003). For example, in Germany, Italy, and Spain, the political leaders namely Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco, first had to be convinced of the power of sport to boost their international prestige (Guttmann, 2003).…”

“…Complementary, authors also demonstrated how physical education was instrumented to serve military ideas and soldiers training in France (Arnaud, 1991;Sarremejane, 2006) or in Sweden (Ljunggren, 1996). In a pre-World War I context and in between the two World Wars, physical education was placed under the control of the Ministry of the Army with the vocation of future soldiers' recruitment, preparation, and training.…”