Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in Japanese children attending day-care centers

Upper respiratory colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy pre-school children in south-east Poland

“…Our data revealed a high frequency of upper respiratory colonization by pneumococi among healthy children aged 3-5 during the 8-month study period. When analyzing our data from each sampling period, the rate of presence of S. pneumoniae (ranging from 33% to 44%) was at a level similar to those reported by other authors, involving the same age group and the same type of clinical specimen [20,21]. However, in the course of our study, including three sampling periods, 72.4% children were colonized once at least, whereas 33,8% children were colonized twice or thrice.…”

“…The nasopharyngeal carriage rates of S. pneumoniae reported worldwide range from 2.3% to 62% in various populations. The highest reported carriage rate was found in children under 3 years old [3,7,21,22]. Our data revealed a high frequency of upper respiratory colonization by pneumococi among healthy children aged 3-5 during the 8-month study period.…”

“…There is limited information about the frequency of S. pneumoniae carriage in the upper respiratory tract among asymptomatic children in Poland, whereas in many other countries such studies have been conducted for a long time [3,4,[18][19][20][21]. The nasopharyngeal carriage rates of S. pneumoniae reported worldwide range from 2.3% to 62% in various populations.…”

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Romanian children before the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccination into the national immunization programme: a national, multi-centre, cross-sectional observational study

“…16,17 A few other studies from Asia have indicated a similar level of macrolide resistance: over 70% in carriage isolates from a region in Japan, and 80-96% in isolates from patients with pneumococcal infections in China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. 18,19 A study from Israel revealed a similar level of resistance in children, most likely in an area with a similar over-prescription of antibiotics in children. 20 This level of resistance could be the result of the significant overuse of macrolides in children.…”

Multicenter study of pneumococcal carriage in children 2 to 4 years of age in the winter seasons of 2017-2019 in Irbid and Madaba governorates of Jordan

“…Pneumococcal carriage rates, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage and resistance rates are variable world-wide depending on the use of vaccination, correct use of antibiotics, socio-economic factors, age and urban or rural residency of people [ 14 ]. To this point, NP-carriage rate in Japanese children zero to 6 years of age attending DCCs was 43.3% with penicillin intermediate resistance of 35.7% and erythromycin resistance of 69.4% [ 15 ]. However, carriage rate in Turkish infants up to two years of age was 22.5% with 6.8% high grade penicillin resistance and 59% PCV13 coverage [ 16 ].…”