Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumonia in Pneumonia-Prone Age Groups in Semarang, Java Island, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a worldwide occurring pathogen Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumonia and other pneumococcal diseases in the community. Little is known about S. pneumoniae carriage in Indonesia, complicating strategies to control pneumococcal diseases. We investigated nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in Semarang, Indonesia.MethodsA population-based survey was performed in Semarang, Indonesia. Nasopharyngeal swabs and questionnaires were taken from 496 healthy young (6–60 month-old) children and 45–70 year-old adults.ResultsForty-three percent of children aged 6–60 months and 11% of adults aged 45–75 years carried S. pneumoniae. Determinants of carriage were being a child (OR 7.7; 95% CI = 4.5–13.0), passive smoking (OR 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3–3.4), and contact with toddler(s) at home (OR 3.0; 95% CI = 1.9–4.7). The most frequent serotypes found were 6A/B and 15B/C. The current commercially available vaccines cover <50% serotypes found in children. Twenty-four percent of S. pneumoniae strains were penicillin non-susceptible, and 45% were resistant to cotrimoxazol.ConclusionsThe limited coverage of commercially available vaccines against the serotypes found in this population, and the high proportion of non-susceptibility to penicillin and cotrimoxazol suggest the need for region-specific information and strategies to control S. pneumoniae.

Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Children under Five in Southwest Ethiopia

“…This finding is concordant with the results reported from Semarang, Indonesia [30] and from Gondar, Ethiopia [14]. This can be explained by the fact that, younger sibling(s) <5 years old have immunological immaturity and carry S. pneumoniae in their nasopharynx niche in high magnitude.…”

Identifying Human Encounters that Shape the Transmission ofStreptococcus Pneumoniaeand Other Respiratory Infections

“…One of the striking features of our analysis of the relative number of mean contacts between age groups is that adults colonised with S.pneumoniae reported more than twice as many close contacts with children under five than non-carriers. This is in agreement with observational and modelling studies showing that pneumococcal carriage risk increases with household size and with the number of children <5 years in the household [28]. It also supports the finding that carriage acquisition in adults occurs mostly within the household as a result of contact with young children who are drivers of infection [29].…”

Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and density in children and adults in Fiji, using four cross-sectional surveys

“…with pneumococcal carriage after the introduction of PCV into national immunization schedules have reported age, poverty or proxies of poverty, number of young children living in the household, and symptoms of URTI as positively associated with pneumococcal carriage [41][42][43][44][45]. Previous studies have heterogenous findings regarding exposure to cigarette smoke and recent antibiotic use and their associations with pneumococcal carriage [5,11,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. We found exposure to household cigarette smoke was a risk factor, but only for PCV10 carriage.…”