Nasopharyngeal Carriage of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>by Adults and Children in Community and Family Settings

Regev‐Yochay, Gili; Raz, Meir; Dagan, Ron; Porat, Nurith; Shainberg, Bracha; Pinco, Erica; Keller, Nathan; Rubinstein, Ethan

doi:10.1086/381547

Cited by 246 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Crowding of children in DCCs gives ample opportunities for transmission of bacteria, and DCC attendance is considered a strong risk factor for carriage of pneumococci (37). This highrisk setting might in part explain the high prevalence of carriage found in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing Children Attending Day-Care Centers in Norway

et al. 2008

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A cross-sectional study of nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae was performed among 573 children attending 29 day-care centers (DCCs) in Norway prior to the start of mass vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7). A sensitive sampling method was employed, including transport in an enrichment broth and serotyping of pneumococci directly from the broth, in addition to traditional single-colony isolation from blood agar plates. The prevalence of carriage was high, peaking at 88.7% in 2-year-olds. More than one serotype was isolated from 12.7% of the carriers. Of 509 isolates obtained, 227 (44.6%) belonged to the PCV-7 serotypes. Penicillin nonsusceptibility was rare (1.8% of the isolates). Nonsusceptibility to erythromycin (5.9%), clindamycin (2.0%), and tetracycline (5.5%) was associated with PCV-7 serotypes (P < 0.001). Multilocus sequence typing was performed on the whole strain collection, revealing 102 sequence types (STs), of which 31 (30.4%) were novel. Eleven isolates (2.2%) belonged to the England 14 -9 clone, and 19 isolates (3.7%) belonged to, or were single-locus variants of, the Portugal 19F -21 clone. The pneumococcal populations within the DCCs were composed of a majority of isolates with STs shared between the DCCs and a minority of isolates with STs unique for each DCC. The highest numbers of different STs, including novel STs, were found within the most frequent serotypes. Our study indicates that carriage of S. pneumoniae is highly prevalent among children in Norwegian DCCs, with a genetically diverse pneumococcal population consisting of unique microepidemic DCC populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing Children Attending Day-Care Centers in Norway

et al. 2008

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“…S. pneumoniae is part of the commensal flora of the nasopharynx (1), but only a few reports have been published in Japan on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in children (2,3). The risk factors cited for nasopharyngeal colonization with pneumococci in children in the United States and Europe are ethnicity, attendance at day-care centers, the presence of older siblings, recent antibiotic use, and respiratory tract infections (1,(4)(5)(6)(7). In Japan, a report based on routine public medical checkups (2), suggests that the presence of older siblings and day-care center attendance are the major risk factors for pneumococcal carriage in healthy children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

Ueno¹,

Ishii²,

Tateda³

et al. 2013

Jpn J Infect Dis

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SUMMARY:The findings of this study revealed a 22z prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children in Japan; the prevalence tended to increase with age. We identified attendance at day-care facilities and the presence of older siblings as the major risk factors associated with pneumococcal carriage. A significant decrease in pneumococcal colonization was observed among children during the summer; however, a seasonal variation was independent of various factors. Our findings suggest that prior immunization with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine within the current recommended schedule is required for children exposed to these risk factors.

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“…Colonization with S. pneumoniae is universal in the first few months of life, with between 50% and 90% of children aged under 2 years colonized at any one time, [22][23][24][25][26][27] sometimes with multiple strains. 28 Peak carriage rates occur at 3-5 years of age and then wane to ~10% in adult life.…”

Section: Colonization and Existing Vaccines For S Pneumoniae And N mentioning

confidence: 99%

The new first-line defense: the potential of nasopharyngeal colonization in vaccine strategies

Chan¹,

Cohen²,

Brown³

2016

VDT

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Abstract:Pathogens that can colonize the upper respiratory tract include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. While these pathogens commonly asymptomatically colonize the nasopharynx of healthy adults, disease progression may occur in some individuals. In addition to these respiratory pathogens, there are a large number of commensal species also found in the upper respiratory tract which only very rarely cause disease, creating a complex community of bacterial species in the nasopharynx. This review addresses the novel, potential strategies that utilize the interactions between both homologous and heterologous species in the nasopharynx to vaccinate individuals against pathogenic bacteria. These strategies include the mechanisms employed by colonizing bacteria to regulate the presence of other species in the nasopharynx and the effect that colonization of the nasopharynx has on the host immune response. Interventional strategies investigated so far include the introduction of nonpathogenic bacteria to the nasopharynx to immunize against a closely related species, controlled colonization using both wild-type and attenuated species, and the use of other nonpathogenic colonizers to express antigens from potential pathogens. All these approaches harness the ability of the colonization to induce a mucosal immune response that can protect against future infection. In this review, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis colonization are used as case studies for this approach as the immunological effects of colonization have been widely studied in animal and human models. Colonization-based strategies have great potential, and, in particular, the attenuated strain approach has produced some encouraging data in animal models. However, the strategy for attenuating virulence must be stringent and caused by highly stable mutations that are unlikely to revert. In addition, the consequences of artificial administration of genetically modified bacteria to the nasopharynx on the usual host microbiome are unknown and would need to be monitored carefully.

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Nasopharyngeal Carriage ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeby Adults and Children in Community and Family Settings

Cited by 246 publications

References 33 publications

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing Children Attending Day-Care Centers in Norway

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing Children Attending Day-Care Centers in Norway

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

The new first-line defense: the potential of nasopharyngeal colonization in vaccine strategies

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