Nasopharyngeal carriage, antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype distribution and clonal relatedness of isolates in healthy children in Malatya, Turkey

Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an urban slum community

“…Pneumococcal carriage rates vary significantly depending on the geographic region and underlying socio-economic conditions [20-22]. However in this study, the high prevalence of pneumococcal carriage among children <5 years old (65%) was similar to those reported in developing countries [23-25].…”

The impact of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccination program on the nasopharyngeal carriage, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children in Turkey

“…The PCV national immunization coverage rates were 93%, 96%, 97% and 97%, in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, for Turkish children younger than 12 months of age [18]. Between 1997 and 2008 the SPNP carriage rates were investigated in at least 6 studies and ranged between 13.9% and 37.2% in healthy Turkish children age under 13 years of age [19][20][21][22][23][24]; the study with the lowest carriage rate (5%) was completed by Cekmez et al and involved a group of 500 healthy children between 1 month and 12 years of age. The authors reported a 0% NP carriage rate among children 0-3 years of age, the age group in which the highest SPNP carriage rate would be expected, which led us to question said results [20].…”

“…both the pre-and the post-vaccination periods. Four of the 6 prevaccination period studies contained serotype distributions and the rates of coverage by PCV7, which were found to be 30%, 16%, 55%, and 51% [19][20][21]23]. The early post-PCV7 period study undertaken by Ozdemir et al and the study completed by our group determined that the PCV7 coverage rates were 46.2% and 51.4%, respectively [25].…”

“…The rate of intermediate resistance to penicillin reportedly ranged between 0% and 76.7%, and penicillin resistance ranged between 0% and 11.5%. The NP pneumococcal carriage rate among penicillin non-susceptible isolates (PNS, intermediate and resistant) reportedly ranged between 0% and 86.7% among healthy Turkish children before the introduction of the PCV [19][20][21][22][23]33,34]. In the present study, the PNS rate was 60%; Ozdemir et al [25] noted a 73% PNS rate (intermediate, 50.6%, and resistant, 22.4%) during the early post-PCV7 period.…”

Age-Specific Cluster of Cases of Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae Carriage in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia

“…Furthermore, in a closed community in southern Israel, serotype 1 carriage in 26 of 650 (4%) residents across all age groups was reported during an outbreak of serotype 1 disease in adults and children (2). We found few reports of NP serotype 1 carriage in the absence of a reported serotype 1 IPD outbreak, for example, among young children at an outpatient clinic in Mozambique (0.5% of 192 pneumococcal isolates) (24), among outpatients presenting with acute otitis media or pneumonia in Switzerland (1.7% of 1,540 isolates) (10), and among healthy children 7 years old or older in Turkey (4.3% of 117 isolates) (1).…”