Nasal Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) as a Mucosal Immune Inductive Site

Wu, Hong-Yin; Nguyen, Huan Huu; Russell, Michael W.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-159.x

Cited by 163 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT), ON͞E, OB, and the remainder of the brain were obtained as described (24,29). The trigeminal ganglia were carefully excised from the brain with a dissection microscope.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumococcal carriage results in ganglioside-mediated olfactory tissue infection

Ginkel

McGhee

Watt

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae cause considerable morbidity and mortality, with persistent neurological sequelae, particularly in young children and the elderly. It is widely assumed that carriage occurs through direct mucosal colonization from the environment whereas meningitis results from invasion from the blood. However, the results of published studies can be interpreted that pneumococci may enter the brain directly from the nasal cavity by axonal transport through olfactory nerves. This hypothesis is based on findings that (i) teichoic acid of the pneumococcal cell wall interact with gangliosides (GLS), (ii) the interaction of GLS with cholera toxin leads to axonal transport through the olfactory nerves into the brain, and (iii) viruses enter the brain through axonal transport into olfactory nerves. After nasal inoculation, we observe high numbers of pneumococci in nasal washes and the olfactory nerves and epithelium. Significant numbers of pneumococci also infected the olfactory bulbs, brain, and the trigeminal ganglia. The absence of bacteremia in this model makes it unlikely that the bacteria entered the brain from the blood stream. Recovery of colony-forming units from the brain, lungs, olfactory nerves, and epithelium and nasal washes was inhibited by incubating pneumococci with GLS before nasal inoculation. These findings, confirmed by PCR and immunohistochemistry, support a GLSmediated process of infection and are consistent with pneumococci reaching the brain through retrograde axonal transport.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumococcal carriage results in ganglioside-mediated olfactory tissue infection

Ginkel

McGhee

Watt

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…NALT cells were recovered for flow cytometric analysis and proliferation assays as previously described (5,21,24). Briefly, after exsanguination of the mice and isolation of cLN and spleen, the head and fore teeth were cut off.…”

Section: Nalt and Cell Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NALT are not only a tolerogenic site, but are also an important inductive site in the context of appropriate stimulation, such as those delivered by TLR (5,30). Thus, we evaluated the expression of TLR on the surface of cells from NALT.…”

Section: Cd3 Low B220 Low Cd4 ϫ Cd8 ϫ Cells From Nalt Are Responsive mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NALT and the nasal mucosa drain directly to the superficial and posterior cervical lymph nodes (cLN). Although an inhaled particulate impacting on the mucus layer of the nasal mucosa can be rapidly cleared by ciliary motion, it could also be selectively delivered to the organized NALT structures, thereby triggering immune responses (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have proven that the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue is a major mucosal inductive site (5). Thus, new vaccination strategies based on nasal application have been designed to prevent diseases caused by infectious agents with a mucosal portal of entry.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of a B220+ Lymphoid Cell Subpopulation with Immune Modulatory Functions in Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

Rharbaoui¹,

Bruder²,

Vidaković

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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Complex mechanisms operate on mucosal tissues to regulate immune responsiveness and tolerance. When the lymphocyte subpopulations from murine nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) were characterized, we observed an accumulation of B220lowCD3lowCD4−CD8−CD19−c-Kit+ cells. TCR transgenic mice and athymic mice were used for monitoring T cell lineage and the presence of extrathymic T cell precursors. The majority of cells from NALT exhibited a T cell precursor phenotype (CD4−CD8−CD19−c-Kit+). Fas-independent apoptosis was their main mechanism of cell death. We also demonstrated that B220lowCD4−CD8−CD19− cells from NALT exhibited the potential to down-regulate the activation of mature T cells. However, the innate immunity receptor TLR2 was also highly expressed by this cell subpopulation. Moreover, nasal stimulation with a TLR2/6 agonist resulted in a partial activation of the double-negative cells. These results suggest that the immune responses in NALT may be in part modulated by a cell subpopulation that maintains a tolerogenic milieu by its proapoptotic status and suppressive activity, which can be reverted through stimulation of a TLR signaling cascade.

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