Nasal Immunization with Anthrax Protective Antigen Protein Adjuvanted with Polyriboinosinic–Polyribocytidylic Acid Induced Strong Mucosal and Systemic Immunities

Abstract

This pI:C-adjuvanted rPA vaccine has the potential to be developed into an efficacious nasal anthrax vaccine.

TLR ligands that stimulate the metabolism of vitamin D3 in activated murine dendritic cells can function as effective mucosal adjuvants to subcutaneously administered vaccines

“…These receptors not only recognize a number of specific components conserved among microorganisms, but are also capable of recognizing specific defensins as well as fragments of extracellular matrix proteins [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Since, the activation of macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) through one or more of their TLRs enhances innate immunity and can modulate the subsequent development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity, some TLR ligands have been used as adjuvants in vaccine formulations administered parenterally to augment systemic immune responses [8][9][10][11]. Specific TLR ligands have been reported to promote the induction of both systemic and mucosal immune responses when co-administered with antigen intranasally [9][10][11][12].…”

“…Since, the activation of macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) through one or more of their TLRs enhances innate immunity and can modulate the subsequent development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity, some TLR ligands have been used as adjuvants in vaccine formulations administered parenterally to augment systemic immune responses [8][9][10][11]. Specific TLR ligands have been reported to promote the induction of both systemic and mucosal immune responses when co-administered with antigen intranasally [9][10][11][12].*Corresponding author. Address: Department of Pathology, University of Utah Medical School, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Phone: 1-801-585-1522; Fax: 1-801-581-8946; e-mail: elena.enioutina@path.utah.edu.…”

Advax-Adjuvanted Recombinant Protective Antigen Provides Protection against Inhalational Anthrax That Is Further Enhanced by Addition of Murabutide Adjuvant

“…Although, to date, human trials of PA vaccines have used alum adjuvant (23,24), other adjuvants, including Ribi adjuvant formulation for parenteral formulations (25) and cholera toxin and poly(I·C) for intranasal formulations (26,27), have been shown to be effective in animal studies. Hence, use of alternative adjuvant technologies (28) may allow the development of moreeffective and better-tolerated PA vaccines.…”

Liposome-Antigen-Nucleic Acid Complexes Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge with Western and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses

“…Treatment with ODN or PIC results in strong cytokine/chemokine induction, establishing an antiviral state within the host. Accordingly, ODN and PIC have been used as components of vaccine formulations to enhance the host's immune response (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), and further studies have shown that adjuvants containing both ODN and PIC can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines (21,22). Although ODN and PIC can each induce an antiviral immune response within the host, the responses differ in expression profile, cellular localization, and signaling pathways (23).…”