Nasal colonization in children with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Davoodabadi, Fazlollah; Mobasherizadeh, Sina; Mostafavizadeh, Kamyar; Shojaei, Hasan; Havaei, Seyed Asghar; Koushki, Ali Mehrabi; Moghadasizadeh, Zahra; Meidani, Mohsen; Shirani, Kiana

doi:10.4103/2277-9175.182217

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…According to studies which were conducted on nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus , approximately 20-30% of healthy persons are persistent nasal carriers with high colonization rates among children [3, 9]. There was an important association between nasal carriage rates of S. aureus and development of subsequent infections [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Tigabu

Tiruneh

Mekonnen

2018

Advances in Preventive Medicine

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Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive, and coagulase-positive bacterial species commonly found on the skin and in the nose of most healthy individuals. The anterior nares of nose are the most frequent carriage sites for S. aureus in both adults and children. Methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has steadily increased worldwide. Objective The main objective of this study was to determine nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus with special emphasis on MRSA among urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Method A community based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 622 urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar from January 1st to March 30th, 2018. Data was collected using a questionnaire and nasal swab samples were collected by sterile cotton tip swab moistened with sterile normal saline. Collected samples were inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hrs. S. aureus was confirmed by observing colony characteristics and biochemical tests. MRSA was detected using cefoxitin disc by Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Finally data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Odds ratio and logistic regression were used for statistical association. P-value ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI was considered for statistical association. Result Of the 622 school children, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 143/622 (23%). Of them, 14/143 (9.79%) were MRSA. The carriage rate in urban schools was 83/622 (13.3%) whereas it was 60/622 (9.6%) in rural schools. The prevalence of MRSA among urban schools, 9.1%, was higher than their urban counterparts, 0.7%. Gentamycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were the most effective whereas penicillin and tetracycline were resistant. Children's fathers' educational status and number of children in class room were significantly associated with S. aureus but only living in urban of children significantly associated with MRSA. Conclusion This study showed high prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA, 143/622 (23%) and 14/143 (9.79%), respectively. So, decolonization of nasal carriers of MRSA and reducing the number of students per classroom should be addressed. Moreover, regular large scale survey should be conducted to assess the burden and intervene accordingly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overuse and misuse of antibiotics led to the emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance [8]. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthy children is a major asymptomatic reservoir with an ability to quickly spread of MRSA within the community [9, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Tigabu

Tiruneh

Mekonnen

2018

Advances in Preventive Medicine

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“…As a result of its tendency to affect more vulnerable patient populations, MRSA has not only become a difficult disease to treat but also a costly one. While immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of MRSA infection, worryingly there have been recent reports of MRSA infection among healthy individuals, especially children (Davoodabadi et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Mrsamentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptomyces as a Prominent Resource of Future Anti-MRSA Drugs

et al. 2018

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a significant health threat as they tend to cause severe infections in vulnerable populations and are difficult to treat due to a limited range of effective antibiotics and also their ability to form biofilm. These organisms were once limited to hospital acquired infections but are now widely present in the community and even in animals. Furthermore, these organisms are constantly evolving to develop resistance to more antibiotics. This results in a need for new clinically useful antibiotics and one potential source are the Streptomyces which have already been the source of several anti-MRSA drugs including vancomycin. There remain large numbers of Streptomyces potentially undiscovered in underexplored regions such as mangrove, deserts, marine, and freshwater environments as well as endophytes. Organisms from these regions also face significant challenges to survival which often result in the production of novel bioactive compounds, several of which have already shown promise in drug development. We review the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in MRSA and all the known compounds isolated from Streptomyces with anti-MRSA activity with a focus on those from underexplored regions. The isolation of the full array of compounds Streptomyces are potentially capable of producing in the laboratory has proven a challenge, we also review techniques that have been used to overcome this obstacle including genetic cluster analysis. Additionally, we review the in vivo work done thus far with promising compounds of Streptomyces origin as well as the animal models that could be used for this work.

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“…A recent study showed that non-clinical isolates of S. aureus exhibited antimicrobial resistance [13][14] . The carriage of drug-resistant strains in healthy individuals becomes a major asymptomatic reservoir, which can rapidly spread infection within the community 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile and Synergistic Effects of Flavonoids with Antibiotics against Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Asymptomatic Individuals

Mishra¹,

Rathinasabapathi²

2020

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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Staphylococcus aureus exhibits resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics. Although antibiotics suceptibility studies have been performed on the pathogen isolated from the patient samples, only limited information is available about that of S. aureus isolated from asymptomatic individuals. In this study, S. aureus was isolated from the skin microbiota of the asymptomatic individuals, and susceptibility of the pathogen against different antibiotics and plant flavonoids was compared to drug-sensitive strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and IC50 of the pathogen were calculated against the antibiotics and flavonoids. The susceptibility pattern of the isolated strain showed higher resistance against erythromycin (100 μg mL-1) and vancomycin (25 μg mL-1). Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values, the combinatory effects of antibiotics and flavonoids were categorized into synergistic, additive, and indifferent. The combination of rutin and erythromycin showed a synergistic effect with the concentrations of 31.25 μg mL-1 and 1.562 μg mL-1 against drug-sensitive strains of S. aureus. Similarly, the same combination showed synergistic effects against isolated strains at the concentration of 625 μg mL-1 and 12.5 μg mL-1.We observed an increase in drug resistance in the isolated strain of S. aureus in comparison to the drug-sensitive strain. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study reporting increase in antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus present on asymptomatic individuals than the sensitive strain.

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Nasal colonization in children with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 19 publications

References 7 publications

Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Streptomyces as a Prominent Resource of Future Anti-MRSA Drugs

Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile and Synergistic Effects of Flavonoids with Antibiotics against Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Asymptomatic Individuals

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