Napping and 24‐Hour Sleep/Wake Patterns in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults

Buysse, Daniel J.; Browman, Kaitlin E.; Monk, Timothy H.; Reynolds, Charles F.; Fasiczka, Amy L.; Kupfer, David J.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01849.x

Cited by 161 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For instance, studies have demonstrated that healthy aging is associated with advanced sleep timing, more wakefulness during the sleep episode, and increased rate of napping (Buysse et al, 1992;Carrier et al, 2001;Carrier et al, 1997). Age-related changes in the circadian timing system such as phase advance, reduced amplitude of circadian rhythms, and problems to adapt to circadian challenges (e.g., shift work, jet lag) have also been reported (Carrier et al, 1996;Duffy et al, 1998;Kawinska et al, 2005;Monk et al, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Pupil Constriction under Blue and Green Monochromatic Light Exposure Change with Age?

et al. 2012

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Many nonvisual functions are regulated by light through a photoreceptive system involving melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells that are maximally sensitive to blue light. Several studies have suggested that the ability of light to modulate circadian entrainment and to induce acute effects on melatonin secretion, subjective alertness, and gene expression decreases during aging, particularly for blue light. This could contribute to the documented changes in sleep and circadian regulatory processes with aging. However, age-related modification in the impact of light on steady-state pupil constriction, which regulates the amount of light reaching the retina, is not demonstrated. We measured pupil size in 16 young (22.8 ± 4 years) and 14 older (61 ± 4.4 years) healthy subjects during 45-second exposures to blue (480 nm) and green (550 nm) monochromatic lights at low (7 × 1012 photons/cm2/s), medium (3 × 1013 photons/cm2/s), and high (1014 photons/cm2/s) irradiance levels. Results showed that young subjects had consistently larger pupils than older subjects for dark adaptation and during all light exposures. Steady-state pupil constriction was greater under blue than green light exposure in both age groups and increased with increasing irradiance. Surprisingly, when expressed in relation to baseline pupil size, no significant age-related differences were observed in pupil constriction. The observed reduction in pupil size in older individuals, both in darkness and during light exposure, may reduce retinal illumination and consequently affect nonvisual responses to light. The absence of a significant difference between age groups for relative steady-state pupil constriction suggests that other factors such as tonic, sympathetic control of pupil dilation, rather than light sensitivity per se, account for the observed age difference in pupil size regulation. Compared to other nonvisual functions, the light sensitivity of steady-state pupil constriction appears to remain relatively intact and is not profoundly altered by age.

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confidence: 99%

Does Pupil Constriction under Blue and Green Monochromatic Light Exposure Change with Age?

et al. 2012

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“…Aging is associated with changes in sleep-wake architecture, including vigilance state fragmentation (i.e., the inability to maintain prolonged periods of wake and sleep), and attenuated homeostatic sleep response to sleep deprivation (Carskadon et al, 1982;Buysse et al, 1992;Ohayon et al, 2004;Cajochen et al, 2006). In addition, reduced capacity of the brain cells to cope with challenges, such as increased activity or energy demand, is reported during aging (Toescu and Xiong, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal Forebrain Lactate Release and Promotion of Cortical Arousal during Prolonged Waking Is Attenuated in Aging

Wigren¹,

Rytkönen²,

Porkka‐Heiskanen³

2009

J. Neurosci.

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The wake-promoting basal forebrain (BF) is critically involved in sustaining cortical arousal. In the present study, we investigated how aging affects the capacity of the BF to cope with continuous activation during prolonged waking. Increased neuronal activity induces lactate release in the activated brain area, and BF stimulation increases cortical arousal. We used in vivo microdialysis to measure lactate levels in the BF, and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure cortical arousal, during 3 h sleep deprivation (SD) in three age groups of rats. Lactate increased during SD in young but not in aged (middle-aged and old) rats. The increase in high-frequency (HF) EEG theta power (7-9 Hz), a marker of cortical arousal and active waking, was attenuated in the aged. Furthermore, a positive correlation between BF lactate release and HF EEG theta increase was found in young but not in aged rats. We hypothesized that these age-related attenuations result from reduced capacity of the BF to respond to increased neuronal activation. This was tested by stimulating the BF with glutamate receptor agonist NMDA. Whereas BF stimulation increased waking in young and old rats, lactate increase and the HF EEG theta increase were attenuated in the old. Also, the homeostatic increase in sleep intensity after SD was attenuated in aged rats. Our results suggest that an age-related attenuation in BF function reduces cortical arousal during prolonged waking. As the quality of waking is important in regulating the subsequent sleep, reduced cortical arousal during SD may contribute to the age-related reduction in sleep intensity.

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“…7,32,42,46 Elderly subjects, including those who remain very healthy into advanced age, frequently go to sleep and wake earlier, and show an advance in the timing of circadian rhythms in comparison with young adults. 12,22,36,44,52,57 It is well established that the timing of the circadian clock influences the ability to sleep, with sleep propensity at its maximum close to the nocturnal nadir of the core body temperature rhythm. 24, 67 Based on the strong influence of circadian timing on sleep propensity, it has been hypothesized that age-related advances in circadian phase may contribute to the sleep maintenance insomnia and early morning awakenings frequently reported in this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light

Benloucif

Green

L'Hermite-Balériaux

et al. 2006

Neurobiology of Aging

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The present study assessed whether advances in sleep times and circadian phase in older adults might be due to decreased responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light. Sixteen young (29.3 ± 5.6 yrs) and 14 older adults (67.1 ± 7.4 yrs) were exposed to 4 hours of control dim (10 lux) or bright light (3,500 lux) during the night. Phase shifts of the melatonin rhythm were assessed from the nights before and after the light exposure. Bright light delayed the melatonin midpoint in both young and older adults (p < 0.001). Phase delays for the older subjects were not significantly different from those of the young subjects for either the bright or dim light conditions. The magnitude of phase delays was correlated with both sleep offset and phase angle in the older, but not the younger subjects. The present results indicate that at light intensities commonly used in research as well as clinical practice older adults are able to phase delay to the same extent as younger subjects.

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Napping and 24‐Hour Sleep/Wake Patterns in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults

Cited by 161 publications

References 28 publications

Does Pupil Constriction under Blue and Green Monochromatic Light Exposure Change with Age?

Does Pupil Constriction under Blue and Green Monochromatic Light Exposure Change with Age?

Basal Forebrain Lactate Release and Promotion of Cortical Arousal during Prolonged Waking Is Attenuated in Aging

Responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light

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