Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application

Abstract

Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.

Microneedle‐assisted transdermal delivery of nanoparticles: Recent insights and prospects

“…In the particular case of the skin, these NPs‐based treatments or preventive vaccines have been proved with positive outcomes against melanoma (Sainz et al, 2018; Silva et al, 2015), however, they were administered systemically or intratumorally (Mizrak et al, 2013). Their combined use with MAPs would improve the compliance by patients (Rodgers et al, 2019) and accordingly to the potential immune cell targeting, there are clearly new open chances for facing cancer therapy and vaccination (Aikins et al, 2020; Cordeiro et al, 2021). In fact, NPs@MAPs have been proposed as an exceptional tool for COVID‐19 vaccination purposes, due to the combination of NPs features that protect the mRNA cargo (Kapnick, 2022; Kim et al, 2020; Korkmaz et al, 2021; Kuwentrai et al, 2021; Yu et al, 2022), and the self‐application would make mass vaccination much easier.…”

Harnessing Nanovaccines for Effective Immunization─A Special Concern on COVID-19: Facts, Fidelity, and Future Prospective

“…Furthermore, the selection of encapsulation technique based on the nanocarrier can altered to improve the encapsulation efficiency of the immunogen via homogenization to further improve the size distribution. 191,262 The manufacturers of nanovaccines must conduct appropriate testing to meet the licensed specifications for the U.S. market, according to 21 CFR 610. For nanotechnologyenabled products, the regulatory standards are evaluated caseby-case to maintain consistency.…”

An intelligent system for assisting personalized COVID-19 vaccination location selection: Taiwan as an example

“…The delivery system, formulation, dosage form, and the route of administration all affect the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccination. 16 Therefore, a government should strive to ensure the procurement and delivery of COVID-19 vaccines. 17 To this end, Teerawattananon and Dabak 17 established a five-step procedure: considering pilot projects, using pre-qualification, establishing national task forces, discouraging bilateral negotiations, and measuring success.…”