Nanotoxicology

Donaldson, Kenneth

doi:10.1136/oem.2004.013243

Cited by 708 publications

(333 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…By virtue of their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles cause effects that are related to their shape, size and chemical composition (20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Silver nanoparticles are widely used in common consumer products including cosmetics, pesticides, detergents, face creams, toothpastes, medical products and even dietary supplements (25) What factors might explain this differential toxicity?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent differential toxicity and induce expression of syncytin-1 in FA-AML1 and MOLT-4 leukaemia cell lines

Alqahtani

Promtong

Oliver

et al. 2016

MUTAGE

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Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences make up approximately 8% of the human genome and increased expression of some HERV proteins has been observed in various pathologies including leukaemia and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about the function of these HERV proteins or environmental factors which regulate their expression. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used very extensively as antimicrobials and antivirals in numerous consumer products although their effect on the expression of HERV gene products is unknown. Cell proliferation and cell toxicity assays were carried out on human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia (MOLT-4) and Fanconi anaemia associated acute myeloid leukaemia (FA-AML1) cells treated with two different sizes of AgNPs (7 nm and 50 nm diameter). RT-PCR and Western blotting were then used to the assess expression of HERV-W syncytin-1 mRNA and protein in these cells. FA-AML1 cells were more sensitive overall than MOLT-4 to treatment with the smaller 7 nm sized AgNp's being the most toxic in these cells. MOLT-4 cell were more resistant and showed no evidence of differential toxicity to the different sized particles. Syncytin-1 mRNA and protein were induced by both 7 and 50 nm AgNPs in both cell types yet with different kinetics. In summary, the observation that AgNPs induce expression of syncytin-1 in FA-AML1 and MOLT-4 cells at doses as little as 5 µg/ml is grounds for concern since this protein is up-regulated in both malignant and neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the widespread use of AgNPs in the environment it is clear that their ability to induce syncytin-1 should be investigated further in other cell types.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent differential toxicity and induce expression of syncytin-1 in FA-AML1 and MOLT-4 leukaemia cell lines

Alqahtani

Promtong

Oliver

et al. 2016

MUTAGE

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“…The heterogeneity of NMs severely limits the feasibility of producing general toxicity protocols to address NM risk assessment. However, reliable, robust and validated protocols for testing NP/NM toxicity (Table 1) are essential for human and environmental risk assessment 5, 8, 9…”

Section: Introduction To High‐throughput Screening Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High throughput toxicity screening and intracellular detection of nanomaterials

Collins

Annangi

Rubio

et al. 2016

WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

113

106

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With the growing numbers of nanomaterials (NMs), there is a great demand for rapid and reliable ways of testing NM safety—preferably using in vitro approaches, to avoid the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research. Data are needed for developing intelligent testing strategies for risk assessment of NMs, based on grouping and read‐across approaches. The adoption of high throughput screening (HTS) and high content analysis (HCA) for NM toxicity testing allows the testing of numerous materials at different concentrations and on different types of cells, reduces the effect of inter‐experimental variation, and makes substantial savings in time and cost. HTS/HCA approaches facilitate the classification of key biological indicators of NM‐cell interactions. Validation of in vitro HTS tests is required, taking account of relevance to in vivo results. HTS/HCA approaches are needed to assess dose‐ and time‐dependent toxicity, allowing prediction of in vivo adverse effects. Several HTS/HCA methods are being validated and applied for NM testing in the FP7 project NANoREG, including Label‐free cellular screening of NM uptake, HCA, High throughput flow cytometry, Impedance‐based monitoring, Multiplex analysis of secreted products, and genotoxicity methods—namely High throughput comet assay, High throughput in vitro micronucleus assay, and γH2AX assay. There are several technical challenges with HTS/HCA for NM testing, as toxicity screening needs to be coupled with characterization of NMs in exposure medium prior to the test; possible interference of NMs with HTS/HCA techniques is another concern. Advantages and challenges of HTS/HCA approaches in NM safety are discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1413For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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“…However, there are at least two main reasons that render CNTs potentially harmful: (i) their large surface area and (ii) the reactivity or intrinsic toxicity of the surface [250,251]. The smaller the particles, the more toxic they become.…”

Section: Surface Of Cntsmentioning

confidence: 99%