Nanotopography-based strategy for the precise manipulation of osteoimmunomodulation in bone regeneration

Abstract

Immune cells play vital roles in regulating bone dynamics. Successful bone regeneration requires a favourable osteo-immune environment. The high plasticity and diversity of immune cells make it possible to manipulate the osteo-immune response of immune cells, thus modulating the osteoimmune environment and regulating bone regeneration. With the advancement in nanotechnology, nanotopographies with different controlled surface properties can be fabricated. On tuning the surface properties, the osteo-immune response can be precisely modulated. This highly tunable characteristic and immunomodulatory effects make nanotopography a promising strategy to precisely manipulate osteoimmunomdulation for bone tissue engineering applications. This review first summarises the effects of the immune response during bone healing to show the importance of regulating the immune response for the bone response. The plasticity of immune cells is then reviewed to provide rationales for manipulation of the osteoimmune response. Subsequently, we highlight the current types of nanotopographies applied in bone biomaterials and their fabrication techniques, and explain how these nanotopographies modulate the immune response and the possible underlying mechanisms. The effects of immune cells on nanotopography-mediated osteogenesis are emphasized, and we propose the concept of "nano-osteoimmunomodulation" to provide a valuable strategy for the development of nanotopographies with osteoimmunomodulatory properties that can precisely regulate bone dynamics.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Evaluation of the Interface between a Nanostructured Calcium-Incorporated Dental Implant Surface and the Human Bone

“…It is this natural nanostructure that nanotechnology aims to emulate for dental applications [20,21,22,34,35]. Since titanium appears to be more tied to bone when a thin ceramic layer is grown on its surface, through chemical or thermal treatments, several nanostructured surfaces for calcium ion incorporation have been introduced in the market [21,22,23,24,27,28,29,30,31].…”

Immunomodulatory properties of graphene oxide for osteogenesis and angiogenesis

“…4,5 As such, the osteo-immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials play an important role in the outcomes of bone regeneration. 6,7 The traditional design of bone biomaterials mainly focuses on accelerating the osteogenic differentiation of the seeding cells, but fails to take into account the osteo-immunomodulatory properties of the biomaterial. To date, only limited studies have focused on this issue.…”

<p>The Implication of Spatial Statistics in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Nanotubular Architectures</p>

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Results from these studies have unequivocally established that physicochemical properties such as roughness, topography, surface chemistry, energy and stiffness, direct cell fate by affecting key phenomena including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, gene and protein expression. [8][9][10][11] Among the factors known to control cellular events, nano-topographical features play a pivotal role by exerting direct cueing on adherent cells. 2,9,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17] Based on this evidence, much effort has been invested in the design of synthetic nanostructured substrates to support the investigation of the interplay between nanotopographical cues and cellular functions.…”

“…[8][9][10][11] Among the factors known to control cellular events, nano-topographical features play a pivotal role by exerting direct cueing on adherent cells. 2,9,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17] Based on this evidence, much effort has been invested in the design of synthetic nanostructured substrates to support the investigation of the interplay between nanotopographical cues and cellular functions. 2,10,12,13,15,18 Among the panoply of techniques developed to nanostructure biomaterials, anodization has rapidly emerged as a simple but effective electrochemical treatment to create bioactive nanostructures composed of arrays of aligned nanotubes on titanium, the gold standard in medicine.…”

“…2,9,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17] Based on this evidence, much effort has been invested in the design of synthetic nanostructured substrates to support the investigation of the interplay between nanotopographical cues and cellular functions. 2,10,12,13,15,18 Among the panoply of techniques developed to nanostructure biomaterials, anodization has rapidly emerged as a simple but effective electrochemical treatment to create bioactive nanostructures composed of arrays of aligned nanotubes on titanium, the gold standard in medicine. [18][19][20][21] The design of morphological parameters, mainly nanotube diameter, has been achieved through the modulation of experimental parameters (i.e., anodization voltage and time, composition of the electrolytic solution), permitting to rationally engineer nanotopographical features and assess their influence on cellular events.…”