Nanotherapeutics in Neuropathologies: Obstacles, Challenges and Recent Advancements in CNS Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract

: Neurology and associated nanotherapeutics is a complex field in terms of therapeutics and neurological disorder complexity. Brain is an intricate appendage and requires more precise embattled treatment for the particular diseases and hence it’s a broad scale for developing more targeted drug deliveries. The brain is one of the most inaccessible tissues of the body due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus delivery of drugs inside the brain is a striking dare and it is also tricky to treat central nervous system (CNS) complications pharmacologically. The therapeutic aspiration is to accomplish a lowest drug meditation in the brain tissues so as to gain favoured therapeutic results. To devastate this obstacle, nanotechnology is engaged in the field of targeted brain drug delivery and neuropathology targeting. These carriers hold myriad ability as they may augment the drug delivery into the brain by shielding them from degradation and prolonging their transmission in the blood, as well as promoting their transport through the BBB. Nanopharmaceuticals are quickly sprouting as new avenue that is engaged with the drug-loaded nanocarriers to demonstrate unique physicochemical properties and tiny size range for penetrating into the central nervous system. The enchantment behind their therapeutic achievement is the condensed drug dose and inferior toxicity, whereby restricting the therapeutic compound to the specific site. Therefore, in this article we have tried to recapitulate the advances the novel scopes for the brain targeted drug delivery for complex neurological disorders.

Exploring the Potential of Cannabinoid Nanodelivery Systems for CNS Disorders

“…The advantage of the nanotechnology is the ability to deliver higher concentrations of drugs to the targeted area and to reduce the accumulation of drugs in peripheral areas. Several factors have been monitored during drug delivery, including the location of drug administration, rate of CSF production, lipophilicity, transition of the barrier, volume of drug distribution, its permeability, physicochemical properties and clearance rate [ 26 ]. When considering the distribution of nanoparticles, the main question is if they reach the brain.…”

“…The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex entity in living organisms, and in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, it is necessary to tackle the most significant challenges, such as cross-border crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Currently, the treatment of CNS diseases is mainly symptomatic with no disease-modifying therapies for most disorders [ 26 ].…”

Nanogels as Novel Nanocarrier Systems for Efficient Delivery of CNS Therapeutics

“…Nanogel-based technologies have been implicated in the development of the nanocarriers of various neuroprotective drugs, including nucleic acids, small-molecule peptides, nerve growth factors, and free radical scavengers (e.g., edaravone). However, the nanogel drug delivery platforms are still in their infancy ( Jogani et al, 2008 ; Kumar et al, 2017 ; Patel et al, 2021 ). Therefore, additional in-depth studies on nanogels are required to address several issues before these agents can be widely used in the clinic.…”

The current and future aspects of glioblastoma: Immunotherapy a new hope?

“…Regarding with this, think about four critical difficulties limited to neuroepithelial brain tumors, that is: (a) interrupt BBB for complete access to the brain; (b) lack of cognition about lymphatic vessels; (c) the remarkable immune system associated with the brain; and (d) the potential neurotoxicity and susceptibility of neural tissue, which causing autoimmune disorders. The interferences that exist during the glioma therapy are deprived BBB infiltration, short blood circulation time, and lack of specificity and targeting capability, which could simply describe the nanomedicine-based immunotherapy (Lyon et al, 2017;Patel et al, 2021). The main drawbacks of the current vaccines that they are not susceptible to induce cytotoxic T-cell antitumor reactions, and the simple nanocarrier systems have been incapable to deliver therapeutic drug to the tumor site (Majc et al, 2021) to the idle status of nanomaterials, they are recognized as nontoxic, biodegradable, and potentially advantageous for cancer immunotherapies.…”

“…Except these problems are hard to be accomplished because of the nonappearance or low thickness of BBB ligands and tumor‐specific receptor. These limitations can be overwhelmed by utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) for immunotherapy (Patel et al., 2021). Certainly, the selection of tumor‐specific ligand decorated to the NPs clearly relies upon its expression level, recycling rate, cellular restriction, and its availability (Taiarol et al., 2020).…”