Nanotherapeutics for treating coronavirus diseases

Abstract

Viral diseases have recently become a threat to human health and rapidly become a significant cause of mortality with a continually exacerbated unfavorable socio-economic impact. Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have threatened human life, with immense accompanying morbidity rates; the COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has become a severe threat to global public health. In addition, the design process of antiviral medications usually takes years before the treatments can be made readily available. Hence, it is necessary to invest scientifically and financially in a technology platform that can then be quickly repurposed on demand to be adequately positioned for this kind of pandemic situation through lessons learned from the previous pandemics. Nanomaterials/nanoformulations provide such platform technologies, and a proper investigation into their basic science and biological interactions would be of great benefit for potential vaccine and therapeutic development. In this respect, intelligent and advanced nano-based technologies provide specific physico-chemical properties, which can help fix the key issues related to the treatments of viral infections. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research on the effective use of nanomaterials in the treatment of coronaviruses. Also raised are the problems, perspectives of antiviral nanoformulations, and the possibility of using nanomaterials effectively against current pandemic situations.

Nanoadjuvants: Promising Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches in Vaccine Innovation

“…Success of nanobased formulations developed specifically against COVID-19 and MERS-CoV as delivery carriers, vaccine transfer platforms, and as nanodrugs has encouraged research in antigen and adjuvant delivery, antigen agglomeration prevention, and improved immune responses in booster immunization. 176 Ag-NPs with stabilizers were effective with anti-TGEV action, and the Ag 2 S nanoclusters prevented RNA synthesis and budding as for instance in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine (PEDV). Ag-NPs as inhalable nanotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 have also been suggested.…”

Single-cell sequencing of brain tissues reveal the central nervous system’s susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the drug

“…Respiratory viruses are capable of infecting the upper respiratory system in humans, resulting in mild illnesses in most cases ( Gunathilake et al, 2021 ). However, in susceptible groups, such as neonates, infants, older adults and immunocompromised individuals, these pathogens may also impact the lower respiratory tract, resulting in more serious infections such as pneumonia ( Desforges et al, 2019 ).…”

Potential COVID‐19 therapeutic approaches targeting angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2; An updated review

“…169 Nanoparticle-based delivery can tackle these obstacles, since Nanotherapeutics are a favourable platform that successfully deliver the miRNAs to the host cells. 170,171 Several nanoparticle carriers have been recommended for the effective delivery of miRNAs, such as inorganic nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric particles. [172][173][174][175] Exosomes or endosomal vesicles have been recently utilized as successful and promising delivery vehicles for miRNAs.…”

“…To enhance miRNAs delivery to the target cells and tissues, several viral vectors including retroviral, lentiviral, and adenoviral vectors are broadly used for preclinical and clinical purposes, there however have been major issues such as poor loading efficacy of miRNAs, immunogenicity, and off‐target toxicity that lead to the consideration of developing non‐viral delivery vectors to deliver miRNAs effectively 169 . Nanoparticle‐based delivery can tackle these obstacles, since Nanotherapeutics are a favourable platform that successfully deliver the miRNAs to the host cells 170,171 . Several nanoparticle carriers have been recommended for the effective delivery of miRNAs, such as inorganic nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric particles 172–175 .…”