Nanotechnology of inhalable vaccines for enhancing mucosal immunity

Qin, Li; Sun, Yanhua; Gao, Nan; Ling, Guixia; Zhang, Peng

doi:10.1007/s13346-023-01431-7

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 139 publications

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“…This approach could thwart the replication of a virus in the airways and limit its airborne transmission in the population. Over the past few years, attention has moved to the delivery of inhalable vaccines to lungs since the pulmonary route may generate a more robust immune response compared to the nasal route of administration [ 30 , 31 ]. To this purpose, dry powder vaccine formulations are to be preferred for multiple reasons, provided that the employed drying techniques are not detrimental to the chemical integrity of the vaccine and may yield particles with a proper size distribution of less than 5 μm [ 30 ].…”

Section: Mucosal Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA Technology and Mucosal Immunization

Toniolo,

Maccari,

Camussi

2024

Vaccines

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Current mRNA vaccines are mainly administered via intramuscular injection, which induces good systemic immunity but limited mucosal immunity. Achieving mucosal immunity through mRNA vaccination could diminish pathogen replication at the entry site and reduce interhuman transmission. However, delivering mRNA vaccines to mucosae faces challenges like mRNA degradation, poor entry into cells, and reactogenicity. Encapsulating mRNA in extracellular vesicles may protect the mRNA and reduce reactogenicity, making mucosal mRNA vaccines possible. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles from edible fruits have been investigated as mRNA carriers. Studies in animals show that mRNA vehiculated in orange-derived extracellular vesicles can elicit both systemic and mucosal immune responses when administered by the oral, nasal, or intramuscular routes. Once lyophilized, these products show remarkable stability. The optimization of mRNA to improve translation efficiency, immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and stability can be obtained through adjustments of the 5′cap region, poly-A tail, codons selection, and the use of nucleoside analogues. Recent studies have also proposed self-amplifying RNA vaccines containing an RNA polymerase as well as circular mRNA constructs. Data from parenterally primed animals demonstrate the efficacy of nasal immunization with non-adjuvanted protein, and studies in humans indicate that the combination of a parenteral vaccine with the natural exposure of mucosae to the same antigen provides protection and reduces transmission. Hence, mucosal mRNA vaccination would be beneficial at least in organisms pre-treated with parenteral vaccines. This practice could have wide applications for the treatment of infectious diseases.

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Section: Mucosal Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%