Nanotechnology inspired tools for mitochondrial dysfunction related diseases

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunctions are recognized as major factors for various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders, and a group of diseases so called “mitochondrial dysfunction related diseases”. One of the major hurdles to gain therapeutic efficiency in diseases where the targets are located in the mitochondria is the accessibility of the targets in this compartmentalized organelle that imposes barriers towards internalization of ions and molecules. Over the time, different tools and techniques were developed to improve therapeutic index for mitochondria acting drugs. Nanotechnology has unfolded as one of the logical and encouraging tools for delivery of therapeutics in controlled and targeted manner simultaneously reducing side effects from drug overdose. Tailor-made nanomedicine based therapeutics can be an excellent tool in the toolbox for diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions. In this review, we present an extensive coverage of possible therapeutic targets in different compartments of mitochondria for cancer, cardiovascular, and mitochondrial dysfunction related diseases.

A Multifunctional Chemical Probe for the Measurement of Local Micropolarity and Microviscosity in Mitochondria

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In particular,mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, possess av ariety of physicochemical properties such as membrane potential, micropolarity,local microviscosity,proton gradient, ionic transport, redox environment, and temperature that are of interest owing to their influence on the efficiency of mitochondrial metabolism. [3,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Mitochondrial micropolarity (e m ), mitochondrial membrane potential (Dy m ), and local microviscosity (h m )a re particularly important as they affect cellular bioenergetics,A TP production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulation, and the initiation of cell-death pathways.…”

Rational Approach Towards Designing Metallogels From a Urea‐Functionalized Pyridyl Dicarboxylate: Anti‐inflammatory, Anticancer, and Drug Delivery

“…compounds have been exploited to deliver bioactive compounds (drug/ prodrug) inside the cell, hybrid compounds such as organic-inorganic hybrid systems( OIHSs), such as coordination polymers (CPs), and coordination complexes (CCs) are becoming promising materials for such purposes;t his is because such OIHSs offer unmatched structural and compositional diversities arising as ar esult of virtually unlimited combinations of ligands and metals allowing tunable physicochemical properties and relativelye asy degradation owing to the labile nature of metal-ligand coordination bonds. Although there are several reports on OIHSs developed thus far towards meeting this goal, [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] examples of metallogels derived from OIHSs for such purposes are limited. [41][42][43][44][45][46] With this background, we disclose an ew tridentate ligand, namely,5 -[3-(pyridin-3-yl)ureido]isophthalic acid (PUIA), equipped with pyridyl and carboxylate ligating sites having a urea backbone andd esigned to generate OIHSs capable of forming metallogels.…”

Centrifugation‐Free Magnetic Isolation of Functional Mitochondria Using Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…There is increasing interest and urgency to develop technology to access mitochondrial targets for treating mitochondrial dysfunction related diseases (Moreira et al., ). Nanoparticles (NP), which hold promise as carriers for therapeutics and contrast agents for medical use, provide an excellent way to access mitochondrial targets (Wen et al., ). As the field of NP‐enabled mitochondria targeting has accelerated, so has the need for tools and techniques to accurately determine or quantify the localization and efficacy of mitochondria‐targeting NP platforms.…”

“…We and several other research groups have developed NP‐based cargos to achieve mitochondria‐targeted delivery of payloads (Boddapati, D'Souza, Erdogan, Torchilin, & Weissig, ; D'Souza, Wagle, Saxena, & Shah, ; Kalathil et al., ; Marrache & Dhar, ; Marrache & Dhar, ; Marrache & Dhar, ; Marrache, Pathak, & Dhar, ; Marrache, Tundup, Harn, & Dhar, ; Pathak, Kolishetti, & Dhar, ; Wen & Dhar, ; Wen et al., ). Development and optimization of such targeted NP platforms would benefit from quantitative determination of mitochondrial localization and assessment of functional nature of the organelle and its components.…”