Drought
is among the most damaging climatic hazards affecting crop
productivity and nutritional quality. Here, we investigated the influence
of Cu-based materials at mitigating drought stress in soybeans (Glycine max) during the reproductive stage in order
to elucidate effects on productivity. Commercial copper oxide (CuO)
nanoparticles (NPs), in-house synthesized copper sulfide (CuS) NPs,
and copper sulfate (CuSO4) were foliar applied at 10 mg
Cu/L daily for 1 week to soybean that were exposed to water deficit
at the onset of flowering, and plants were harvested 5 days after
exposure. Drought inhibited flower production by 27% compared to the
nondrought treatment. Notably, both CuS NPs and ionic Cu mitigated
the drought-induced inhibition of flower production, showing 41.7
and 33.3% improvement. CuS NPs exhibited the most positive impact
on restoring shoot biomass, pod biomass, and shoot moisture content,
increasing values by 53, 96, and 10%, respectively, compared to the
drought control plants. The Cu-based materials maintained photosynthetic
parameters under drought conditions and modulated oxidative damage
by enhancing reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzyme activities.
Furthermore, CuO NP treatment increased shoot and pod Cu levels by
624 and 54%, respectively, compared to the drought control plants.
Taken together, these findings suggest that Cu-based materials modulate
plant protective mechanisms against drought stress during the flowering
stage, offering a potentially important nanoenabled strategy to promote
biofortified climate resilient crops.