Nanotechnology Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues

In a number of clinical conditions such as intoxication, bacteraemia or autoimmune diseases the removal of the disease-causing factor from blood would be the most direct cure. However, physicochemical characteristics of the target compounds limit the applicability of classical filtration and diffusion-based processes. In this work, we present a first in vivo magnetic blood purification rodent animal model and demonstrate its ability to rapidly clear toxins from blood circulation using two model toxins with stable plasma levels (lead (Pb(2+)) and digoxin). Ultra-strong functionalized metal nanomagnets are employed to eliminate the toxin from whole blood in an extracorporeal circuit. In the present experimental demonstration over 40% of the toxin (i.e. lead or digoxin) was removed within the first 10 minutes and over 75% within 40 minutes. After capturing the target substance, a magnetic trap prevents the toxin-loaded nanoparticles from entering the blood circulation. Elemental analysis and magnetic hysteresis measurements confirm full particle recovery by simple magnetic separation (residual particle concentration below 1 μg mL(-1) (detection limit)). We demonstrate that magnetic separation-based blood purification offers rapid blood cleaning from noxious agents, germs or other deleterious materials with relevance to a number of clinical conditions. Based on this new approach, current blood purification technologies can be extended to efficiently remove disease-causing factors, e.g. overdosed drugs, bacteria or cancer cells without being limited by filter cut-offs or column surface saturation.

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“…This includes assessment of acute and long-term adverse effects and more advanced particle detection methods. 1,[26][27][28]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomagnet-based removal of lead and digoxin from living rats

et al. 2013

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“…When governments and scientists emphasize the need for nanotechnology policy to be "evidence-based" (ETIPC, 2011;Helland, Kastenholtz, Thidell, Arnfalk, & Deppert, 2006), this implies the need for a threshold of certainty surrounding risk. That is, that regulatory intervention must only take place once risk data is assembled and verified, with "quantitative measures of error, uncertainty and sensitivity" to ensure that any regulatory intervention is "rational" (Nel et al, 2010). The contingency of the risk-based knowledge generated-related to uncertainty, ambiguity, ignorance, and the role of social processes, and value judgments in shaping riskbased research-are usually unacknowledged by proponents of risk assessment (Groves, 2009).…”

Section: Risk Assessment Is Epistemologically Underdeterminedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Analysis of Nanomaterials: Exposing Nanotechnology's Naked Emperor

Miller

Wickson²

2015

Review of Policy Research

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Risk analysis (encompassing risk assessment, management, and communication) is touted internationally as the most appropriate approach for governing nanomaterials. In this article, we survey existing criticisms of risk assessment as a basis for regulatory decision making on emerging technologies, particularly highlighting its exclusion of key societal dimensions, its epistemological underdetermination, and its lack of democratic accountability. We then review the specific case of nanomaterials and identify six major barriers to the effective operation of both risk assessment and risk management. These include a lack of: nano-specific regulatory requirements, shared definitions, validated and accessible methods for safety testing, available scientific knowledge, reliable information on commercial use, and capacity for exposure mitigation. Finding the knowledge, standards, methods, tools, definitions, capacity, and political commitment all insufficient, we argue that risk analysis is a "naked emperor" for nanomaterial governance. We therefore suggest that additional concepts and approaches are essential for nanomaterials policy and regulation.

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“…While studying the effects of nanofluids with MQL on tool performance and chip morphology during the machining of Inconel 718, Hegab et al [20] obtained better results when using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Despite the fact that the nanoparticles can produce better results in machining, the risk associated with "nano-environmental health and safety (nano-EHS)" cannot be overlooked [21][22]. On the other hand, biodegradable oil is considered as an environmentally friendly cutting fluid [17,[23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally conscious machining of Inconel 718: surface roughness, tool wear, and material removal rate assessment

Zahoor

Ameen

Abdul‐Kader

et al. 2019

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Flood cooling is a typical strategy used in the machining of difficult-to-cut materials where high temperatures are produced. Several environmental and health concerns are associated with the cutting fluids employed during this technique. Vegetable oil-based fluids appear to be the best substitute to conventional mineral/synthetic oils due to their environmentally friendly, biodegradable, renewable, and less toxic properties. Therefore, this paper attempts to establish an environmentally conscious, flood-cooling alternative through replacing conventional fluids with a synthetic vegetable ester-based (Mecagreen 450) biodegradable oil to investigate the machinability aspects of Inconel 718. In addition to the cooling environment, cutting speed ( s), feed per tooth (ƒ z), and axial depth of cut (a p) have been used as control variables. A Taguchi L 9 array has been selected for the design of experiments (DOE). Parametric effects and microscopic analyses have been carried out to investigate the three response parameters, i.e., surface roughness (R a), tool wear, and material removal rate (MRR). Tool wear analysis is further supplemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

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Nanotechnology Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues

Cited by 16 publications

References 106 publications

Nanomagnet-based removal of lead and digoxin from living rats

Nanomagnet-based removal of lead and digoxin from living rats

Risk Analysis of Nanomaterials: Exposing Nanotechnology's Naked Emperor

Environmentally conscious machining of Inconel 718: surface roughness, tool wear, and material removal rate assessment

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