Nanotechnology-empowered vaccine delivery for enhancing CD8+ T cells-mediated cellular immunity

Nanotechnology‐facilitated vaccine development during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic

“…According to the WHO, a total of 18 mRNA‐based COVID‐19 vaccine candidates have proceeded to clinical trials to date, most of which are based on ionizable LNPs similar to the aforementioned structure, [ 6 , 40 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ] and several proprietary ionizable lipids have been used, including SM‐102 by Moderna, [ 58 ] ALC‐0315 by Pfizer, [ 58 ] ATX‐100 by Arcturus Therapeutics, [ 86 ] CL1 by Genevant, [ 87 ] and another one by Acuitas, respectively. [ 88 ]…”

“…The “endosome escape” effect of cationic LNPs allows expression of antigens in the cytoplasm, followed by the digestion in proteasome and activation of MHC‐I mediated cross‐presentation pathway, resulting in CD8+ T cells activation along with costimulatory signals. [ 40 ] Interestingly, Arcturus Therapeutics claimed that their mRNA vaccine candidate ARCO021 can protect the B cell‐deleted mice but not the CD8+ T cell‐depleted counterpart, indicating that the protection provided by the vaccine may be more T‐cell than B‐cell dependent, underlining the important role of T‐cell immunity in effective vaccination. [ 93 ] In addition, previous studies on LNP‐based mRNA vaccines of the Zika virus (ZIKV), influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demonstrated that LNP administration induced a robust response of Tfh cells cooperating with GC B cells.…”

“…Nanotechnology could be useful in this scenario, given that nanoparticles can be designed to effectively activate the cross‐presentation pathway through the release of antigens into the cytoplasm after being packaged into the endosome, a process called endosome escape, which can be realized in a pH‐responsive or photic manner. [ 40 ] Other mechanisms have also been reported. [ 41 ]…”

Antithrombotic Therapy by Regulating the ROS‐Mediated Thrombosis Microenvironment and Specific Nonpharmaceutical Thrombolysis Using Prussian Blue Nanodroplets

“…Inspired by the unique advantages of nanotechnology, [35][36][37] we sought to design an integrated antithrombotic therapeutic strategy to achieve more comprehensive treatment by integrating nonpharmaceutical thrombolysis, photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with the ODV effect, and ROS elimination for a more efficient antithrombotic effect. In this study, by taking advantage of the nanoscale effect, easy surface modification, and high biocompatibility of poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA), we formulated thrombus-specific PB-based nanodroplets, namely, PB-PFP@PLGA-CREKA (PB-PFP@PC) nano droplets (Scheme 1a).…”

Supramolecular biomaterials for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

“…18 Nano/microscale biomaterials have been developed to encapsulate various immunotherapeutic agents and effectively deliver them into tumor tissue, which could boost multiple stages of immune responses and reduce off-target side effects. 19–22 However, these delivery systems also bring additional challenges to clinical translation. Most of these biomaterials are often hindered by tedious organic synthesis, complicated fabrication and inefficient cargo loading.…”