Nanotechnology Based Targeted Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Prospects for Drug Development

Sharma, Sadhna; Singh, Amandeep

doi:10.5772/28902

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 207 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…As both cystatin B and cathepsin B are ubiquitous, the biggest concern is that of possible side effects. But with the advancement of technology in drug delivery to the brain parenchyma, especially nanotechnology in HIV field, therapies could be targeted to specific tissues and thereby avoid side effects to other tissues [ 103 - 107 ]. In addition, although cathepsin B and some members of the cystatin family have specific functions in some tissues, it has been suggested that there is redundancy in the roles of these proteins [ 108 , 109 ], supporting the idea that partially inhibiting cathepsin B might be beneficial (reviewed in [ 46 , 110 ]).…”

Section: Implications For Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage Derived Cystatin B/Cathepsin B in HIV Replication and Neuropathogenesis

Rivera¹,

Colón²,

Cantres-Rosario³

et al. 2014

CHR

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Mononuclear phagocytes including monocytes and macrophages, are important defense components of innate immunity, but can be detrimental in HIV-1 infection by serving as the principal reservoirs of virus in brain and triggering a strong immune response. These viral reservoirs represent a challenge to HIV-1 eradication since they continue producing virus in tissue despite antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) involve alterations to the blood-brain barrier and migration of activated HIV-1 infected monocytes to the brain with subsequent induced immune activation response. Our group recently showed that HIV replication in monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with increased cystatin B. This cysteine protease inhibitor also inhibits the interferon-induced antiviral response by decreasing levels of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1. These recent discoveries reveal novel mechanisms of HIV persistence that could be targeted by new therapeutic approaches to eliminate HIV in macrophage reservoirs. However, cystatin B has been also associated with neuroprotection. Cystatin B is an inhibitor of the cysteine protease cathepsin B, a potent neurotoxin. During HIV-1 infection cystatin B and cathepsin B are upregulated in macrophages. Reduction in cystatin/cathepsin interactions in infected macrophages leads to increased cathepsin B secretion and activity which contributes to neuronal apoptosis. Increased intracellular expression of both proteins was recently found in monocytes from Hispanic women with HAND. These findings provide new evidence for the role of cathepsin /cystatin system in the neuropathogenesis induced by HIV-infected macrophages. We summarize recent research on cystatin B and one of its substrates, cathepsin B, in HIV replication in macrophages and neuropathogenesis.

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Section: Implications For Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage Derived Cystatin B/Cathepsin B in HIV Replication and Neuropathogenesis

Rivera¹,

Colón²,

Cantres-Rosario³

et al. 2014

CHR

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“…Small size, narrow molecular weight distribution, and relative ease of incorporation of targeting ligands make them attractive candidates for drug delivery. 26 Targeting dendrimers: Dendrimers have been used to prepare nanoparticles i.e diameter below 50nm to study the relationship between diameter and uptake from GIT.…”

Section: Figure: 8 Dendrimers and Its Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Drug Carriers to Target Lymphatic System - A Review

Begum¹,

Rao²,

Umasri³

2018

IJTSRD

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In the body, there is a system which is responsible for the specific resistance and in some aspects; non specific resistance is the lymphatic system which maintains homeostatic balance. This system closely allied with all the systems. Lymphatic system cons fluid called, lymph. It assists in circulating body fluids and helps in defend the body against disease causing agents. B cells, T cells and antibodies protect all body systems from attack by harmful foreign invaders (pathogens), foreign cells, and cancer cells. Major functions of lymphatic system are draining excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids and carring out immune responses. Now a days there is a high risk to immune system because of the diseases or due to disorders. In recent innovations, nano technology plays a major role and there are the different drug carriers are used to avoid the major damage to immune system. This review explains about the drug carriers to target lymphatic system to release the drug at a specific part in the lymphatic organs, tissue or lymph in different disease conditions.

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“…Though these drug candidates were successful in pre-clinical studies, they failed to exhibit the anticipated efficacy in human trials. The potential reasons behind these therapeutic failures can be due to poor pharmacokinetics or low bioavailability, chemical nature (absorption in biological – blood brain barrier system), volatility (oxidation, hydrolysis) of evaluated drug candidates in biological system (Becker et al., 2008 ; Mullard, 2017; Sharma & Singh, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic strategies and nano-drug delivery applications in management of ageing Alzheimer’s disease

et al. 2018

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In recent years, the incidental rate of neurodegenerative disorders has increased proportionately with the aging population. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most commonly reported neurodegenerative disorders, and it is estimated to increase by roughly 30% among the aged population. In spite of screening numerous drug candidates against various molecular targets of AD, only a few candidates – such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are currently utilized as an effective clinical therapy. However, targeted drug delivery of these drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits several limitations including meager solubility, low bioavailability, and reduced efficiency due to the impediments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Current advances in nanotechnology present opportunities to overcome such limitations in delivering active drug candidates. Nanodrug delivery systems are promising in targeting several therapeutic moieties by easing the penetration of drug molecules across the CNS and improving their bioavailability. Recently, a wide range of nano-carriers, such as polymers, emulsions, lipo-carriers, solid lipid carriers, carbon nanotubes, metal based carriers etc., have been adapted to develop successful therapeutics with sustained release and improved efficacy. Here, we discuss few recently updated nano-drug delivery applications that have been adapted in the field of AD therapeutics, and future prospects on potential molecular targets for nano-drug delivery systems.

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Nanotechnology Based Targeted Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Prospects for Drug Development

Cited by 8 publications

References 207 publications

Macrophage Derived Cystatin B/Cathepsin B in HIV Replication and Neuropathogenesis

Macrophage Derived Cystatin B/Cathepsin B in HIV Replication and Neuropathogenesis

Novel Drug Carriers to Target Lymphatic System - A Review

Therapeutic strategies and nano-drug delivery applications in management of ageing Alzheimer’s disease

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